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Respiratory > Anatomy 3 > Flashcards

Anatomy 3 Flashcards

1
Q

where does stimulation of sensory receptors occur

A

oropharyngeal mucosa
laryngopharyngeal mucosa
laryngeal mucosa

LRT - respiratory mucosa - trachea to bronchioles

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2
Q

when are CN V and CN IX stimulated

A

sneezing

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3
Q

when are CN IX and CN X stimulated

A

coughing

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4
Q

what and where are the carotid sheaths

A

protective tubes of cervical - neck - deep fascia

attach superiorly - to bones of base of skull
blends inferiorly with fascia of mediastinum

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5
Q

what do the carotid sheaths contain

A

vagus nerve - X - travels back to CNS in it
internal carotid artery
common carotid artery
internal jugular vein

() IX doesn’t fully travel in it - enters in superior part

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6
Q

what does the pulmonary plexus contain

A

sympathetic axons
parasympathetic axons
visceral afferents

(in bifurcation bit of trachea)

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7
Q

how do all motor axons travel

A

from tracheal bifurcation along branches of respiratory tree to supply all the mucous glands & all bronchiolar smooth muscles

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8
Q

how do pulmonary visceral afferents travel

A

from visceral pleura & respiratory tree to plexus
then follow vagus nerve to medulla of brainstem

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9
Q

what happens with the phrenic nerves and the diaphragm in a deep forced inspiration

A

greater outflow of APs of longer duration
via phrenic nerve
causes diaphragm to flatten then descend maximally

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10
Q

what are the muscles of normal quiet inspiration

A

external intercostal
internal intercostal
innermost intercostal

intercostal nerves = anterior rami of spinal nerves T1-T11

deep forced inspiration - intercostal muscles contract forcefully and raise ribs maximally

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11
Q

what are the accessory muscles of deep forced inspiration

A

pectoralis major
pectoralis minor
sternocleidomastoid
scalenus anterior, medius, posterior

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12
Q

what and where are the intrinsic muscles of larynx

A

all skeletal voluntary muscles
attach between cartilages

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13
Q

what do the intrinsic muscles of larynx do

A

move cartilages resulting in movement of vocal cords

all supplied by somatic motor
- branches of vagus nerve - CN X

adduct vocal cords during cough reflex

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14
Q

what can the vocal cords do

A

approx in midline closing rima glottidis

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15
Q

what’s an important function to coughing with the vagus nerves

A

supplying somatic sensory & somatic motor axons to larynx
- s to mucosa lining larynx
- m to intrinsic muscles of larynx

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16
Q

what are the vagus nerves supplying when they descend posteriorly

A

parasympathetic axons to chest organs
- including lungs via pulmonary plexus

17
Q

what are the accessory muscles of deep forced expiration

A

diaphragm
right & left anterolateral abdominal wall

18
Q

what are the anterolateral abdominal wall muscles

A

rectus abdominal
external oblique
internal oblique
transversus abdominus

19
Q

what are the functions of these aa muscles

A

tonic continuous low level contractions maintain posture and support vertebral column
- mechanical back pain improved by abdominal muscle exercises depending on causes

contractions make movements of vertebral column (spine)
- flexion, lateral flexion, rotations

‘guarding’ contractions protect abdominal viscera

contractions increase intra-abdominal pressure to assist
- defecation, micturition, labour

contractions aid forced expiration

20
Q

what happens with dynamic airway compression in asthma

A
  • expiration difficult
  • build up of air trapped in alveoli can lead to rupture of lung & visceral pleura
21
Q

how’s a pneumothorax diagnosed

A

History:
as per clinical lectures

Examination:
reduced ipsilateral chest expansion
reduced ipsilateral breath sounds
hyper-resonance on percussion

Investigation (CXR):
absent lung markings peripherally
lung edge visible

22
Q

what are the consequences of mediastinal shift

A

tracheal deviation
- away from side of unilateral tension pneumothorax
- palpable in jugular notch

SVC compression
- less venous return to heart -> hypotension

23
Q

what’s the management of a large pneumothorax

A

needle aspiration - thoracentesis
siting of a chest drain both procedures via - 4th or 5th intercostal space in midaxillary line

24
Q

where does the need pierce thru in large pneumothorax management

A

skin
superficial/deep fascia
3 layers of intercostal muscles
parietal pleura

25
Q

what happens in emergency management of tension pneumothorax

A

large guage cannula inserted into pleural cavity via 2nd or 3rd intercostal space in midclavicular line on side of tension pneumothorax

26
Q

where does the cannula pass thru

A

skin
superficial/deep fascia
3 layers of intercostal muscles
parietal pleura

Respiratory (6 decks)

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