Anatomy 2

Question 1

thorax - what do the chest walls do

Answer 1

protect heart and lungs
make movements of breathing
breast tissue - lactation

Question 2

what does the chest cavity consist of

Answer 2

in the chest walls
contains vital organs, major vessels and nerves
mediastinum and right & left pleural cavities

Question 3

what is a lung lobe

Answer 3

area of lung that each of the lobar bronchi supply with air

Question 4

what is a bronchopulmonary segment

Answer 4

area of lung lobe that each one of the segmental bronchi supply with air

Question 5

how many pairs of intercostal spaces are there

Answer 5

11

Question 6

what’s in each intercostal space

Answer 6

neuro vascular bundle
- vein, artery, nerve between intercostal muscle layers

Question 7

what’s the intercostal space nerve supply

Answer 7

anterior ramus of spinal nerve - intercostal nerve

Question 8

what’s in the intercostal space blood supply

Answer 8

posterior
- arterial supply -> thoracic aorta
- venous drainage -> azygous vein

anterior
- arterial supply -> internal thoracic aorta
- venous drainage -> internal thoracic vein

Question 9

what’s the diaphragm

Answer 9

internal part of body wall
- forms floor of chest cavity
- forms roof of abdominal cavity

structures can pass thru it

skeletal muscle with unusual central tendon

left & right domes
- right dome more superior (cuz of liver)

Question 10

what does the diaphragm’s muscular part do

Answer 10

attaches peripherally to sternum, lower 6 ribs & costal cartilages, L1-3 vertebral bodies

is supplied by phrenic nerve

Question 11

what does the phrenic nerves do

Answer 11

on anterior surface of anterior scalenus
descends on laterally parts of heart
supplies somatic sensory & sympathetic axons to diaphragm & fibrous pericardium, and somatic motor axons to diaphragm

Question 13

where’s the serratus muscle and what happens if it’s paralysed

Answer 13

superficial surface -> vulnerable to injury

of the anterior - which can happen by damage to the long thoracic nerve (which supplies it) - results in winged scapula

Question 14

what name change happens with the vessels lateral to the lateral border of the 1st rib

Answer 14

subclavian vessels are within axilla so become the axillary artery & vein

Question 15

where’s the costodiaphragmatic recess

Answer 15

between diaphragmatic parietal pleura & costal parietal pleura
most inferior region laterally - costophrenic angle
part of pleural cavity

Question 16

what happens when abnormal fluid builds up in the pleural cavity

Answer 16

it drains into the recess e.g. pleural effusion or haemothorax
causes blunting of the angles, and a fluid level seen in chest x-ray

Question 17

what are the structures of the root of lung

Answer 17

main bronchus
pulmonary artery
pulmonary veins

lymphatics
visceral afferents
sympathetic nerves
parasympathetic nerves

Question 18

what’s the anatomical difference between the left and right hilum

Answer 18

left bronchi is more to the middle
but both are posterior

Question 19

what are normal breath sounds

Answer 19

rustling

Question 20

what do you need to auscultate

Answer 20

5 lung lobes, apices, bases

Question 21

what does the complete examination of the breast include

Answer 21

all 4 quadrants, nipple, areola, axillary tail & regional lymphatics