Anatomy 1

Question 1

what does the URT consist of

Answer 1

nasal cavities
oral cavity
pharynx
larynx

Question 2

what does the LRT consist of

Answer 2

trachea
right and left main bronchus
located in lungs:
lobar bronchi
segmental bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

Question 3

how many lobes do the right and left lungs have

Answer 3

right - 3
left - 2

Question 4

how many bronchopulmonary segments are there

Answer 4

10

Question 5

what happens at the C6 vertebra level

Answer 5

larynx becomes the trachea
pharynx becomes the oesophagus

Question 6

what does the respiratory tree describe

Answer 6

LRT airways from trachea to alveoli

Question 7

what do each lung lobe and bronchopulmonary segment have

Answer 7

their own air supply (lobar or segmental bronchus)
blood supply
lymphatic drainage
nerve supply

Question 8

what is the mucociliary escalator

Answer 8

mucous glands secrete mucous onto epithelial surface
cilia beat and sweep away mucous and any foreign bodies trapped in it, superiorly to pharynx to be swallowed

Question 9

what interferes with cilia normal beating

Answer 9

cooling or drying of mucous
toxins in cigarette smoke

Question 10

what does the hyaline cartilage do

Answer 10

supports walls of trachea and all bronchi
helps keep airways open (patency)
reduces distally in respiratory tree
bronchioles and alveoli don’t have any

Question 11

what does the alveoli have

Answer 11

capillaries on surface
v thin - no cartilage, smooth muscle -> impacts diffusion

Question 12

what does the smooth muscle do

Answer 12

there’s more of it in the walls distally
most prominent feature in walls of bronchioles
-> they can then constrict or dilate

Question 13

where does the ‘wheeze’ sound come from

Answer 13

air passing thru constricted airways

Question 14

what is the ‘respiratory’ epithelium

Answer 14

lining of inside of bronchial tree - but not bronchioles & alveoli

Question 15

what are the main requirements of the respiratory system

Answer 15

sufficient functioning lung tissue
sufficient O2 in air breathed in
no CO2 in air breathed in
thin walls of alveoli for gas diffusion
minimal tissue fluid in tissue spaces around alveolar capillaries for gas diffusion

Question 16

what are the main dangers of the respiratory system

Answer 16

resp tract may become narrowed
- bronchioles may constrict e.g. asthma
- swelling, overproduction of mucosa e.g. asthma
- growing tumour may externally compress tract at any point

foreign bodies inhaled into resp tract
- may partially or completely stop breathing

Question 17

what are the features of the nasal septum (midline)

Answer 17

bony posterior part
- ethmoid bone superiorly
- vomer inferiorly
cartilaginous anterior part

Question 18

what do each nasal cavity have

Answer 18

relatively featureless medial wall
interestingly featured lateral wall
floor - formed from palate
roof - formed by midline part of floor of anterior cranial fossa

Question 19

what are the cartilages of the larynx skeleton

Answer 19

epiglottis
thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
2 arytenoid cartilages - posterior

Question 20

what are the functions of the larynx

Answer 20

cartilages help keep URT open
helps prevent foreign bodies enter LRT
produces sound - vocal cords

Question 21

what’s up with the rima glottidis

Answer 21

narrowest part of larynx
large foreign bodies can block URT here - so no breath can be taken in to cough

Question 22

how do the vocal ligaments lead to airway production

Answer 22

they approximate in midline, close rima glottidis, don’t let foreign body be inhaled into trachea
cough reflex stimulated to expel foreign body via pharynx and oral cavity

Question 23

what’s phonation

Answer 23

producing sound
- expire air across vocal cords
- cords vibrate and change shape to make sound

Question 24

what’s articulation

Answer 24

producing speech
- sound is modified in nose or mouth to make vowels and consonants

Question 25

what are the main dangers of the respiratory system - want to move warm, moist, clean air

Answer 25

cooling and drying out of resp tract
- damages mucociliary escalator & predisposes to infection

breathing in infected foreign bodies or bacteria/viruses
- causes infection -> nose, throat, larynx, lungs

Question 26

what do the conchae do

Answer 26

increases surface area of lateral walls of nasal cavities
produce turbulent flow which brings air into contact with the walls

Question 27

what does the respiratory mucosa do

Answer 27

lines walls of nasal cavities
has a v good arterial blood supply providing warmth
produces mucous providing moisture
the ‘sticky’ mucous traps potentially infected particles

Question 28

what do the cilia of the mucosa do with the mucous

Answer 28

waft it to the pharynx to be swallowed

Question 29

what’s up with the tonsils

Answer 29

part of lymphatic system
in the mucosa lining pharynx
produce white blood cells in defence against infection

Question 30

where are the parts of the pharynx

Answer 30

nasopharynx - posterior to nasal cavities
oropharynx - posterior to oral cavity
laryngopharynx/hypopharynx - posterior to larynx

Question 31

what’s the main danger to protecting lungs

Answer 31

penetrating injuries

Question 32

what does the chest wall consist of

Answer 32

skin and fascia
bones
skeletal muscles
diaphragm - an internal chest wall
parietal pleura

Question 33

what 3 layers of skeletal muscles are between ribs in intercostal spaces

Answer 33

external intercostal
internal intercostal
innermost intercostal

Question 34

what do these intercostal muscles do

Answer 34

attach between adjacent ribs
make the chest wall expand during breathing by pulling adjacent ribs upwards and outwards