Anatomy 1 Flashcards
what does the URT consist of
nasal cavities
oral cavity
pharynx
larynx
what does the LRT consist of
trachea
right and left main bronchus
located in lungs:
lobar bronchi
segmental bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
how many lobes do the right and left lungs have
right - 3
left - 2
how many bronchopulmonary segments are there
10
what happens at the C6 vertebra level
larynx becomes the trachea
pharynx becomes the oesophagus
what does the respiratory tree describe
LRT airways from trachea to alveoli
what do each lung lobe and bronchopulmonary segment have
their own air supply (lobar or segmental bronchus)
blood supply
lymphatic drainage
nerve supply
what is the mucociliary escalator
mucous glands secrete mucous onto epithelial surface
cilia beat and sweep away mucous and any foreign bodies trapped in it, superiorly to pharynx to be swallowed
what interferes with cilia normal beating
cooling or drying of mucous
toxins in cigarette smoke
what does the hyaline cartilage do
supports walls of trachea and all bronchi
helps keep airways open (patency)
reduces distally in respiratory tree
bronchioles and alveoli don’t have any
what does the alveoli have
capillaries on surface
v thin - no cartilage, smooth muscle -> impacts diffusion
what does the smooth muscle do
there’s more of it in the walls distally
most prominent feature in walls of bronchioles
-> they can then constrict or dilate
where does the ‘wheeze’ sound come from
air passing thru constricted airways
what is the ‘respiratory’ epithelium
lining of inside of bronchial tree - but not bronchioles & alveoli
what are the main requirements of the respiratory system
sufficient functioning lung tissue
sufficient O2 in air breathed in
no CO2 in air breathed in
thin walls of alveoli for gas diffusion
minimal tissue fluid in tissue spaces around alveolar capillaries for gas diffusion
what are the main dangers of the respiratory system
resp tract may become narrowed
- bronchioles may constrict e.g. asthma
- swelling, overproduction of mucosa e.g. asthma
- growing tumour may externally compress tract at any point
foreign bodies inhaled into resp tract
- may partially or completely stop breathing
what are the features of the nasal septum (midline)
bony posterior part
- ethmoid bone superiorly
- vomer inferiorly
cartilaginous anterior part
what do each nasal cavity have
relatively featureless medial wall
interestingly featured lateral wall
floor - formed from palate
roof - formed by midline part of floor of anterior cranial fossa
what are the cartilages of the larynx skeleton
epiglottis
thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
2 arytenoid cartilages - posterior
what are the functions of the larynx
cartilages help keep URT open
helps prevent foreign bodies enter LRT
produces sound - vocal cords
what’s up with the rima glottidis
narrowest part of larynx
large foreign bodies can block URT here - so no breath can be taken in to cough
how do the vocal ligaments lead to airway production
they approximate in midline, close rima glottidis, don’t let foreign body be inhaled into trachea
cough reflex stimulated to expel foreign body via pharynx and oral cavity
what’s phonation
producing sound
- expire air across vocal cords
- cords vibrate and change shape to make sound
what’s articulation
producing speech
- sound is modified in nose or mouth to make vowels and consonants
what are the main dangers of the respiratory system - want to move warm, moist, clean air
cooling and drying out of resp tract
- damages mucociliary escalator & predisposes to infection
breathing in infected foreign bodies or bacteria/viruses
- causes infection -> nose, throat, larynx, lungs
what do the conchae do
increases surface area of lateral walls of nasal cavities
produce turbulent flow which brings air into contact with the walls
what does the respiratory mucosa do
lines walls of nasal cavities
has a v good arterial blood supply providing warmth
produces mucous providing moisture
the ‘sticky’ mucous traps potentially infected particles
what do the cilia of the mucosa do with the mucous
waft it to the pharynx to be swallowed
what’s up with the tonsils
part of lymphatic system
in the mucosa lining pharynx
produce white blood cells in defence against infection
where are the parts of the pharynx
nasopharynx - posterior to nasal cavities
oropharynx - posterior to oral cavity
laryngopharynx/hypopharynx - posterior to larynx
what’s the main danger to protecting lungs
penetrating injuries
what does the chest wall consist of
skin and fascia
bones
skeletal muscles
diaphragm - an internal chest wall
parietal pleura
what 3 layers of skeletal muscles are between ribs in intercostal spaces
external intercostal
internal intercostal
innermost intercostal
what do these intercostal muscles do
attach between adjacent ribs
make the chest wall expand during breathing by pulling adjacent ribs upwards and outwards
