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physio 2 > anatomy 2.1 > Flashcards

anatomy 2.1 Flashcards

1
Q

pelvic inlet boundaries

A

lateral/ventral: arcuate line of the ilium

dorsal: sacrum

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2
Q

pelvic outlet boundaries

A

ventral: ischiatic arch
Dorsal: first caudal vertebra
lateral: soft tissue

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3
Q

What are the two muscles of the pelvic diaphragm

A

coccygeus and levator ani

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4
Q

Which muscle of the pelvic diaphragm is more lateral?

A

coccygeus – short and thick

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5
Q

which muscle of the pelvic diaphragm is more medial

A

levator ani – fan like and thinner

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6
Q

the space excluded from the pelvis cavity by the pelvic diaphragm and is normally occupied by fat

A

ischiorectal fossa

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7
Q

boundaries of the ischiorectal fossa

A

lateral wall: ischial tuber and sacrotuberous ligament

medial wall: pelvic diaphragm

ventral wall: pelvic floor

Base: Skin

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8
Q

a continuation of the colon beginning at the pelvic inlet

A

rectum

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9
Q

surrounds the anus and vulva and covers the pelvic outlet

A

perineum

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10
Q

region that is between the tail and scrotum/udder

A

perineal

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11
Q

this can tear during parturition – ouch

A

perineal body

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12
Q

between the anus and dorsal commissure

A

perineal body

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13
Q

protrusion of the pelvic or abdominal viscera through a weakened or ruptured pelvic diaphragm

A

perineal hernia

**this occurs between the external anal sphincter, levator ani, and internal obturator mm

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14
Q

pouch between rectum and genital fold

A

rectogenital

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15
Q

pouch between bladder and uterus/prostate

A

vesicogential

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16
Q

pouch between bladder and pubis

A

pubovesical

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17
Q

folds that are persistent and converge at the exit from the bladder

A

urethral crest

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18
Q

layer of the outer bladder wall that will squeeze and empty the bladder

A

detrusor muscle

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19
Q

triangle thats bounded by the ureteric and urethral openings

A

trigone

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20
Q

remnant of the umbilical artery is here…?

A

round ligament of the bladder found in the lateral ligament of the bladder

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21
Q

In comparison to the female repro system, do the bladder lay dorsally or ventrally?

A

VENTRAL

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22
Q

blind pouch of the female urethra found in cows and sows

A

suburethral diverticulum

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23
Q

surrounds the urethra and part of the external urethral sphincter

A

urethralis muscle

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24
Q

opens ventrally at the junction of the vestibule and vagina

A

female urethra

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25
Q

male urethra is divided into…

A

penile and pelvic

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26
Q

elevated region on the urethral crest and the opening of the deferent ducts and prostate

A

colliculus seminalis

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27
Q

the internal iliac terminates as what two branches cranial to the sacroiliac joint?

A
  1. caudal gluteal a.

2. internal pudendal a.

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28
Q

carries blood from the aorta to the placenta in the fetus

A

umbilical artery

**in the adult it may give off the cranial vesicle artery

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29
Q

what does the umbilical artery branch off of?

A

internal iliac a

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30
Q

three terminal branches of the internal pudendal artery

A
  1. ventral perineal
  2. urethral
  3. artery of the penis/clitoris
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31
Q

the artery that follows the sciatic nerve

A

caudal gluteal artery

**branch of the internal iliac

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32
Q

main blood supply to the middle gluteal muscle

A

cranial gluteal artery

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33
Q

what is the SNS to the pelvic plexus

A

hypogastric n – POST synaptic

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34
Q

what is the PSNS to the pelvic plexus

A

pelvic n – PRE synaptic

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35
Q

what innervates the pelvic viscera

A

pelvic plexus

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36
Q

somatic innervation to the cremaster muscle

A

genitofemoral nerve

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37
Q

supplies sensory to skin of inguinal region, spermatic fascia, scrotum, and prepuce

A

genitofemoral nerve

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38
Q

somatic innervation to the striated musculature of perineum

A

pudendal nerve

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39
Q

sensory innervation to the rectum, anus, vulva, penis, clitoris, and perineum

A

pudendal nerve

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40
Q

a ridge like projection dorsal to the urethral orifice

A

urethral tubercle

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41
Q

space between vagina and vulva

A

vestibule

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42
Q

elongated mass of erectile tissue deep to vestibular mucosa that contributes to the “tie” during copulation in female dogs

A

vestibular bulbs

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43
Q

where does the vaginal artery come from

A

internal pudendal artery

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44
Q

located between the cervix and the vestibule

A

vagina

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45
Q

T/F

vagina is distensible

A

TRUE

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46
Q

type of uterus with 2 horns

A

bicornuate

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47
Q

ligament that connects the uterus and ovary

A

proper ligament

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48
Q

protects the uterus from the external environment

A

cervix

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49
Q

infection of the uterus

A

pyometra

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50
Q

where does the ovarian artery branch from?

A

directly off the aorta

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51
Q

where does fertilization occur?

A

the ampulla of the uterine tube

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52
Q

what supplies the uterus

A

uterine artery from the vaginal artery

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53
Q

connects ovary to body wall

A

mesovarian – broad ligament

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54
Q

encloses ovary within ovarian bursa along with the mesovarian

A

mesosalpinx

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55
Q

broad ligament component that begins at the cranial edge of the uterine horn and continues caudally

A

mesometrium

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56
Q

what supplies the scrotum?

A

external pudendal artery

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57
Q

what muscle do the cremasters come from

A

the caudal portion of the internal abdominal oblique

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58
Q

a muscle that pulls the testes closer to the body

A

cremaster muscle

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59
Q

testes blood supply?

A

the testicular artery

testicular vein

pampiniform plexus –

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60
Q

covers the surface of the testes

A

tunica albuginea

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61
Q

name for when a testicle doesnt descend

A

cryptorchidism

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62
Q

maturation and storage of spermatozoa

A

epididymis

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63
Q

what supplies the ductus deferens

A

artery of the ductus deferens – a branch off of the prostatic artery which comes from the internal pudendal artery

64
Q

connects the testes to the tail of the epididymis

A

proper ligament of the testes

65
Q

connects the tail of the epididymis to the layers of the vaginal tunic

A

ligament of the tail of the epididymis

66
Q

3 parts of the penis

A

root
body
glans

67
Q

which part of the penis contains the os penis

A

glans penis

68
Q

what muscle covers the crus of the penis

A

ischiocavernosus

69
Q

bilateral and anchors penis to ischial arch

A

crus of penis

70
Q

lies between the two crura and is externally covered by the bulbospongiosus muscle

A

bulb of the penis

71
Q

begins where the two crura join to form the dorsal erectile columns

A

body of the penis

72
Q

dog expansion of the corpus spongiosum in the proximal third of the penis

A

bulbous glandis – contributes to the tie during copulation in DOGS

73
Q

forms the apex of the penis

A

pars longus glandis

74
Q

function of os penis

A

protection of urethra

75
Q

where does the penile urethra begin

A

at the ischial arch

76
Q

what surround the penile urethra

A

corpus spongiosum muscle

77
Q

fold of skin covering the glans penis

A

prepuce

78
Q

T/F

All species studied have a prostate gland

A

TRUE

79
Q

Explain the difference in species of labial commissures

A

all species: dorsal is rounded and ventral is pointed

HORSE: both are rounded :)

80
Q

where is the clitoris found?

A

the ventral commissure of the vulva

**clitoral fossa in mares

81
Q

equine bacterial disease from breeding

A

contagious equine metritis CEM

82
Q

areas to swab in a mare for CEM

A
  1. clitoral sinus
  2. clitoral fossa
  3. cervix – if pregnant or mid cycle
    (endometrium if in estrus)
83
Q

lies ventral to the urethral orifice and makes urinary catherterization more difficult

A

sub-urethral diverticulum

84
Q

the cranial most extent of the vaginal and it is ventral to the external opening of the cervix

A

vaginal fornix

85
Q

uterus type with no horns

A

simplex – in humans

86
Q

uterus type with 2 cervices

A

duplex – bunnies

87
Q

uterus with 2 horns

A

bicornuate

88
Q

oval elevations/ thickenings of the uterus that attaches with the fetal membrane

A

caruncles

Ewe = concave 
Cow = convex
89
Q

type of folds in cow cervix

A

circular

90
Q

type of folds in horse cervix

A

longitudinal

91
Q

what species has interdigitating mucosal prominences in the cervix

A

Sow

92
Q

main uterine supply in a cow

A

umbilical artery to the uterine artery

93
Q

main uterine supply in a mare

A

external iliac artery to the uterine artery

94
Q

Describe what is unique about the mare ovary

A

the ovarian cortex and medulla are reversed and ovulation only occurs at the ovarian fossa

95
Q

fremitus

A

a vibration perceptible on palpation of auscultation

96
Q

another name for superficial inguinal lymph nodes

A

mammary lymph node

97
Q

mammae blood supply in Bitch, Queen, Sow

A

cranial and caudal superficial epigastric arteries

98
Q

mammae blood supply in mare and ruminants

A

external pudendal and cranial/caudal mammary arteries

** the cranial mammary aa are also known as the caudal superficial epigastric a

99
Q

type of placenta in a mare and sow

A

diffuse

100
Q

type of placenta with chorionic villi covering most of the surface and a completely intact epithelial layer on both the maternal and fetal side

A

diffuse

101
Q

ruminants have what type of placenta

A

cotyledonary

102
Q

what is the name when the fetal cotyledons and maternal caruncles are together

A

placentome

103
Q

type of placenta in dogs and cats

A

zonary

104
Q

type of placenta in humans

A

discoid

105
Q

placenta with villi that develop a band of chorion that surround the trunk of the embryo for nutrient transfer

A

zonary

106
Q

protects and supports the testes

A

scrotum

107
Q

castration type where you cut through the skin, tunica dartos muscle, and separate the spermatic and parietal vaginal tunics

A

closed

**the parietal vaginal tunic will stay intact and the vaginal cavity is not exposed to the environment

108
Q

castration type where you cut through everything including the parietal vaginal tunic, exposing the vaginal cavity to the environment

A

open

109
Q

what is the spermatic cord comprised of

A

ductus deferens, testicular artery and vein, and cremaster muscle

110
Q

where does the ductus deferens open?

A

the colliculus seminalis

111
Q

where does the artery of the ductus deferens originate?

Where does it originate in the bull?

A

normal – internal pudendal

bull – branch of the umbilical artery

112
Q

penis type with a lot of erectile tissue

A

musculocavernosus

113
Q

species with a musculocavernosus type penis

A

stallion, dog, human

114
Q

penis type with a sigmoid flexure

A

fibroelastic – less erectile tissue

115
Q

species with fibroelastic penis

A

boar, bull, ram

116
Q

muscle paired at the root of the penis near the crura

A

ischiocavernosis muscle

117
Q

what is a cat penis like

A

SPIKY

118
Q

small area found above the urethral process in a stallion

A

urethral sinus – where the “bean” accumulation of smegma occurs

119
Q

penis blood supply for a boar, bull, ram, or doggy

A

internal iliac a – internal pudendal a – artery of penis

120
Q

Stallion blood supply of penis:

A

internal iliac a – internal pudendal a – artery of penis

AND

external iliac – pudendoepigastric trunk – external pudendal – cranial artery of the penis

AND

internal iliac – caudal gluteal – cranial gluteal – obturator a – middle artery of the penis

121
Q

part of male urethra that contains the colliculus seminalis

A

pelvic

122
Q

external hair portion of prepuce

A

external lamina

123
Q

what is the preputial ring?

A

in stallion penis – additional fold of the internal lamina at the cranial border

124
Q

places to swab a stallion for CEM

A
  1. distal urethral process
  2. fossa glandis
  3. urethral sinus
  4. shaft and prepuce
125
Q

where does boar taint come from

A

the preputial diverticulum

smells horrible – pheromone

126
Q

role of accessory sex glands in general

A

production of seminal plasma

127
Q

enlargements of ductus deferens

A

ampulla

**Stallion, ruminants

128
Q

T/F

ampulla and vesicular glands open into pelvic urethra

A

true

129
Q

species with vesicular glands

A

horse, ruminants, boar

130
Q

species with bulbourethral glands

A

stallion, boar, ruminants, cat

131
Q

space between the inguinal ligaments and the pelvis

A

vascular lacuna

132
Q

largest paired branch off the aorta

A

external iliac artery

**runs caudoventrally

**branches into deep femoral a and femoral a

133
Q

where does the deep femoral artery come from

A

external iliac artery

134
Q

what are the branches of the deep femoral artery

A

pudendoepigastric trunk

medial circumflex femoral artery – goes through vascular lacuna

135
Q

what comes off of the pudendoepigastric trunk

A

external pudendal artery

caudal epigastric artery

136
Q

continuation of the deep femoral artery that goes through the vascular lacuna and arborizes in the adductor muscle

A

medial circumflex femoral artery

137
Q

borders of the femoral triangle

A

cranial: caudal belly of the sartorius m
caudal: pectineus m
proximal: inguinal ligament

138
Q

at the level of the stifle the femoral artery turns into…

A

popliteal artery

139
Q

used for venipuncture in dogs

A

cranial branch of the lateral saphenous vein

140
Q

used for venipuncture in cats

A

medial saphenous vein

141
Q

formed by ventral branches of the lumbar and sacral spinal nerves

A

lumbosacral plexus

142
Q

nerves the innervates the adductor muscles of the pelvic limb

A

obturator nerve

muscles:
external obturator, pectineus, gracilis, adductor

**nerve exits through the obturator foramen

143
Q

actions provided by innervation of the femoral nerve

A

hip flexion and stifle extension

144
Q

muscles innervated by the femoral nerve

A

iliopsoas
quadriceps
sartorius

145
Q

where does the femoral nerve exit

A

the belly of the iliopsoas muscle caudally

146
Q

branch of the femoral nerve that runs with the saphenous artery and vein (small animal)

A

saphenous nerve

147
Q

supplies innervation to the flexors of the stifle and extensors of the hip

A

sciatic nerve

148
Q

muscles the sciatic nerve supplies

A

biceps femoris
semitendinosus
semimembranosus

149
Q

branches of the sciatic nerve

A

cranial tibial and common peroneal

150
Q

provides cutaneous innervation to the craniolateral aspect of the crus and dorsal pes

A

superficial peroneal nerve

151
Q

provides somatic motor innervation to the flexors of the tarsus and the extensors of the digits

A

superficial peroneal nerve and deep peroneal

152
Q

muscles supplied by the tibial nerve

A

gastrocnemius
SDF
DDF
popliteus

153
Q

entire area innervated by a nerve

A

cutaneous zone

154
Q

area innervated by only one nerve

A

autonomous zone

155
Q

innervates the lateral rotators of the hip and hamstring muscles

A

sciatic nerve

**rotator hip muscles:
internal obturator m, gemelli m, quadratus femoris m

156
Q

innervates the cutaneous zone of the lateral surface of the crus

A

lateral cutaneous sural nerve – branch off common peroneal nerve

157
Q

innervates the cutaneous zone of the caudal surface of the crus

A

caudal cutaneous sural nerve – branch off the tibial nerve

physio 2 (4 decks)

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