Anatomy 2: Pelvis and female reproductive structures

Question 1

What structures constitute the birth canal?

Answer 1

• Cervix
• Vagina
• Vulva

Question 2

What are the 3 layers of uterus (from out to in)

Answer 2

• Perimetrium
• Myometrium
• Endometrium

Question 3

What is the normal position of the uterus?

Answer 3

• Anteflexed

- Anteverted

Question 4

What if the uterus is retroverted or retroflexed, especially in pregnancy?

Answer 4

• Back pain

- Difficulty emptying bladder

Question 5

Prior to instrumentalisation during surgery for miscarriage, why is knowing uterus position important?

Answer 5

Minimise perforation risk

Question 6

What are the two peritoneal spaces of female pelvis?

Answer 6

• Rectouterine space

- Uterovesical space

Question 7

What are the fornices of vagina?

Answer 7

Recesses formed by protrusion of cervix into vagina

Question 8

Through which vaginal fornix can you access the rectouterine pouch? What is the clinical significance?

Answer 8

Posterior fornix (pouch of douglas). Possible route of infection

Question 9

What is the cardinal ligament of uterus?

Answer 9

Lateral cervical ligament

Question 10

What two ligaments are associated with the ovary?

Answer 10

• Ovarian ligament

- Suspensory ligament

Question 11

At what vertebral level do gonadal arteries originate?

Answer 11

L2

Question 12

Describe the descent of the ovarian artery

Answer 12

Descends within suspensory ligament to supply ovaries via broad ligament

Question 13

What does left gonadal vein drain into?

Answer 13

L Renal vein

Question 14

What does right gonadal vein drain into?

Answer 14

IVC

Question 15

What LN drains labia and distal part of vagina?

Answer 15

Superficial inguinal LN

Question 16

What LN drains ovaries?

Answer 16

Lumbar

Question 17

Where does breast extend from/to?

Answer 17

2nd rib to 7th rib vertically. Lateral border of sternum to ant. axillary line horizontally

Question 18

What LN drains from breast?

Answer 18

• Axillary LN (lateral)
• Parasternal LN (medial)
• Supraclavicular LN (superior)

Question 19

Look at histology in bool

Answer 19

/:-)

Question 20

List 4 functions of placenta

Answer 20

• Gaseous exchange
• Attach foetus to uterine wall
• Provide nutrients
• Metabolism

Question 21

When does placenta separate from uterine wall?

Answer 21

3rd stage of labour

Question 22

What umbilical vein persists during foetal circulation?

Answer 22

Ductus venosus

Question 23

What 2 fascial ligaments supporting uterus?

Answer 23

Cardinal

-Transverse cervical

Question 24

X-ray with contrast in uterus?

Answer 24

Hysterosalpingogram

Question 25

Nerve innervating levator ani?

Answer 25

Nerve to levator ani (S4)