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Reproductive system Yr 3 > Anatomy 1: Pelvis and male reproductive structures > Flashcards

Anatomy 1: Pelvis and male reproductive structures Flashcards

1
Q

What bones make up the superior pelvic aperture?

A
  • Sacral promontory
  • Ala of sacrum
  • Arcuate line of ilium
  • Pecten pubis
  • Pubis symphysis/crest/tubercle
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2
Q

What makes up the inferior pelvic aperture (pelvic outlet)?

A
  • Inferior margin of pubic symphysis
  • Inferior rami of pubis
  • Sacrotuberous ligaments
  • Tip of coccyx
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3
Q

What are the differences between the greater pelvis in male/females?

A

Male: deep
Female: shallow

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4
Q

What are the differences between the lesser pelvis in male/females?

A

Male: narrow and deep
Female: wide and shallow

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5
Q

What are the differences between the pelvic inlet in male/females?

A

Male: heart shaped
Female: oval and rounded

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6
Q

What are the differences between the pelvic outlet in male/females?

A

Male: comparatively small
Female: comparatively large

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7
Q

What are the differences between the subpubic angle in male/females?

A

Male: acute (<90)
Female: obtuse (>90)

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8
Q

What are the differences between the obturator foramen in males/females?

A

Male: round
Female: oval

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9
Q

What are the differences between the acetabulum in males/females?

A

Male: large
Female: small

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10
Q

What type of joint is the sacroiliac joint?

A

Synovial plane

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11
Q

What type of joint is the pubis symphysis?

A

Secondary cartilaginous

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12
Q

Are the piriformis and obturator internus part of pelvic floor muscles?

A

NO

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13
Q

What nerve network lies on the muscle forming posterior wall of pelvis (Piriformis)?

A

Sacral plexus

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14
Q

What are the perineal and anococcygeal bodies?

A

Fibromuscular tissue (where muscles form junctions between each other)

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15
Q

What are the two major parts of the pelvic floor? Name the subdivisions of one of them.

A

-Coccygeus
-Levator ani
>Puborectalis
>Pubococcygeus
>Iliococcygeus

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16
Q

Give two functions of pelvic floor

A
  • Support pelvic viscera

- Resist increases in intra-abdominal pressure

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17
Q

What is a cystocele?

A

Pelvic floor weakens so bladder droops onto vagina

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18
Q

What is a rectocele?

A

Bulging of front wall of rectum into structures in front of it (eg back wall of uterus/vagina)

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19
Q

Complications of pelvic floor injury after childbirth?

A

Cystocele/rectocele/stress incontinence

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20
Q

Why may episiotomy minimise long term damage from childbirth?

A

Muscle heals better than perineal body (better blood supply) so better recovery

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21
Q

Name some branches of internal iliac arteries that supply most pelvic organs (but not testis/ovary/upper part of rectum)

A
  • Lateral sacral artery
  • Superior gluteal artery
  • Inferior gluteal artery
  • Internal pudental artery
  • Middle rectal artery
  • Uterine artery
  • Superior vesical artery
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22
Q

Where does gonadal artery branch off of to supply testis/ovary?

A

Abdominal aorta

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23
Q

Where does superior rectal artery branch off of to supply testis/ovary?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

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24
Q

Which parts of the rectum drain into the portal circulation?

A

Superior part of rectum

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25
Q

Which parts of rectum drain into systemic circulation?

A

Middle and inferior parts of rectum

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26
Q

Significance of knowing venous drainage of rectum?

A

Portosystemic circulation leads to compensation if blockage in one occurs

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27
Q

Why is haemorrhoids associated with cirrhosis of liver?

A

Varicose veins caused by liver congestion

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28
Q

What does prostatic venous plexus communicate with on posterior side? Significance of this?

A

Internal vertebral venous plexus. In Prostate malignancy it can lead to bone metastases

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29
Q

What does prostatic venous plexus communicate with on posterior side? Significance of this?

A

Internal vertebral venous plexus. In Prostate malignancy it can lead to bone metastases

30
Q

What nerves make up the somatic component of reproductive organs?

A
  • Ilioinguinal nerve
  • Genitofemoral nerve
  • Pudental nerve
31
Q

Where does ilioinguinal nerve originate from?

A

L1

32
Q

Where does ilioinguinal nerve enter inguinal canal?

A

Superficial inguinal ring

33
Q

Whar does ilioinguinal nerve innervate?

A

Skin at root of penis (male) and labia (female)

34
Q

Where does genitofemoral nerve originate from?

A

L1-2

35
Q

Where does genitofemoral nerve enter inguinal canal?

A

Deep inguinal ring

36
Q

What male structures in male are supplied by genital branch of genitofemoral nerve?

A
  • Anterior branch of scrotum

- Cremaster muscle

37
Q

Clinical significance of genitofemoral nerve?

A

Cremasteric reflex

38
Q

Where does pudental nerve originate from?

A

Sacral plexus

39
Q

What is the path of pudental nerve?

A

Pudendal nerve descends and passes between the piriformis and ischiococcygeus muscles. It leaves the pelvis through the lower part of the greater sciatic foramen. It then crosses the sacrospinous ligament (close to its insertion to the ischial spine), and then re-enters the pelvis through the lesser sciatic foramen following pudental artery

40
Q

What is coccygeus innervation?

A

Anterior rami of S4 and S5

41
Q

What does pudental nerve innervate?

A
  • Ext anal sphincter
  • Bulbospongiosus
  • Ischiocavernosus
  • Levator ani muscles
42
Q

What segmental levels does pudental nerve arise from?

A

S2-4

43
Q

Pudental nerve block is used for pain relief in labour. Which bony landmarks are used when performing this?

A

Ischial spines

44
Q

What makes up the autonomic component of reproductive organs?

A

Sympathetic
-Hypogastric plexus L1,2 in male
-Ovarian/pelvic plexus in female (genital tract)
Parasympathetic
-Pelvic splanchnic nerves S2,3,4 in female (genital tract)
-Hypogastric plexus S2,3,4 in both

45
Q

What does the sympathetic component of hypogastric plexus supply in males?

A
  • Vas deferens
  • Seminal vesicles
  • Prostate
  • Epididymis
46
Q

What does the parasympathetic component of hypogastric plexus supply in males/females?

A

Erectile tissues

47
Q

What are erectile tissues?

A

Tissues that become engorged with blood upon erection (eg corpus cavernosa or spongiosum)

48
Q

After rectal surgery why are some men able to ejaculate?

A

Nerve supplying seminal vesicles become damaged in op

49
Q

What are the lymph node groups draining pelvis?

A
  • External iliac LN
  • Internal iliac LN
  • Sacral LN
  • Common iliac LN
50
Q

What are main contents of spermatic cord in inguinal canal?

A
  • Vas deferens
  • Testicular artery/vein
  • Genitofemoral nerve
51
Q

What is the tough fibrous outer layer of testis?

A

Tunica albuginea

52
Q

What is tunica vaginalis two layers?

A

-Parietal and visceral

53
Q

What is hydrocele?

A

Fluid build up in scrotum

54
Q

What is haematocele

A

Blood build up in scrotum

55
Q

What level do testicular arteries arise from abdominal aorta?

A

L2

56
Q

What two structures do testicular arteries cross near pelvic brim?

A
  • Psoas major

- Genitofemoral nerve

57
Q

What term is used for the anastomosing veins associated with the testis?

A

Pampiniform plexus

58
Q

What does right testicular vein drain into?

A

IVC

59
Q

What does left testicular vein drain into?

A

L renal vein

60
Q

Apart from venous drainage what is an important function of pampiniform plexus?

A

Helps to cool blood travelling towards testes maintaining optimum temp

61
Q

Two LN groups receiving lymph from testis?

A
  • Para-aortic

- Lumbar

62
Q

What is the vas deferens?

A

Muscular tube arising from tail of epididymis

63
Q

What secretions are produced by seminal vesicles?

A

Thick alkaline fluid

64
Q

What does prostate secrete?

A

Prostatic fluid

65
Q

What secretions areproduced by bulbourethral gland?

A

Mucous secretions

66
Q

Check out histology in book

A

:)

67
Q

What structures pass through lesser sciatic foramen?

A
  • Pudendal nerve

- Internal pudendal a./v.

68
Q

What LN drains testes?

A

Para-aortic LN at L2

69
Q

Function of ductus deferens?

A

Convey sperm cells from testis to prostatic urethra

70
Q

Innervation of ext. anal sphincter?

A

Branch of pudendal (S2-4)

Reproductive system Yr 3 (3 decks)

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