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3 - Musculoskeletal > Anatomy 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Peripheral nerve axons are coated in…

And grouped together to form…

A

Coated in endoneurium

Grouped into fascicles

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2
Q

Fascicles are coated in…

And grouped into…

A

Coated in perineurium

Grouped into nerves

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3
Q

Nerves are coated in…

A

Epineurium

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4
Q

Axonal growth rate

A

1mm per day

up to 3mm/day in children

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5
Q

The shaft of a long bone is called…..

A

Diaphysis

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6
Q

The flare at the end of the shaft of a long bone is called

A

Metaphysis

made of cancellous bone

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7
Q

The long thoracic nerve is a branch of…

A

C5 nerve root

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8
Q

Divisions from the superior trunk of the brachial plexus feed into…

A

The lateral and posterior cord

anterior divisions to the lateral cord, posterior divisions to the posterior cord

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9
Q

Divisions from the middle trunk of the brachial plexus feed into…

A

The lateral and posterior cord

anterior divisions to the lateral cord, posterior divisions to the posterior cord

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10
Q

Divisions from the inferior trunk feed into the…

A

medial and posterior cord

anterior divisions to the medial cord, posterior divisions to the posterior cord

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11
Q

Terminal branches of the lateral cord

in order that they branch off, proximal to distal

A

lateral pectoral nerve
lateral root of the median nerve
Musculocutaneous nerve

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12
Q

Terminal branches of the posterior cord

in order that they branch off, proximal to distal

A 
upper subscapular nerve
thoracodorsal nerve
lower subscapular nerve
Axillary nerve
Radial nerve
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13
Q

Terminal branches of the medial cord

in order that they branch off, proximal to distal

A 
medial pectoral nerve
medial cutaneous nerve of the arm
medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm
Medial head of median nerve
Ulnar nerve
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14
Q

Terminal branches of the lateral cord carry nerve fibres from which nerve roots?

A

C5, C6, C7

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15
Q

Terminal branches from the posterior cord carry nerve fibres from which nerve roots?

A

C5 - T1

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16
Q

Terminal branches from the medial cord carry nerve fibres from which nerve roots?

A

C8, T1

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17
Q

The median nerve carries nerve fibres from which nerve roots?

A

C5-T1

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18
Q

3 muscles that extend the medial 4 digits

A

Extensor digitorum - can identify on specimen
Extensor indicis
Extensor digiti minimi

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19
Q

The common extensor origin for muscles of the forearm is…

A

the lateral epicondyle of the humerus

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20
Q

Course of extensor digitorum

A

Arises from the lateral epicondyle (common extensor origin)
Ends in a tendon in the distal forearm
tendon passes under extensor retinaculum + divides into 4 tendons for the fingers

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21
Q

Location of the supinator

A

Very deep

Envelops the neck and proximal shaft of the radius, covering it completely except on its medial side

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22
Q

Course of the radial nerve in the forearm

A

Divides into superficial and deep branches in the cubital fossa

Deep branch (motor): innervates muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm

Superficial branch (sensory): skin on dorsum of hand

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23
Q

The anatomical snuff box is bound laterally by…

A

The tendons of abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis

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24
Q

The anatomical snuff box is bound medially by…

A

The tendon of extensor pollicis longus

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25
Q

Which two carpal bones can be felt in the anatomical snuff box?

A

Scaphoid

Trapezium

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26
Q

Which artery lies on the floor of the anatomical snuff box?

A

Radial artery

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27
Q

The triangular, tendinous aponeurosis that wraps around the dorsum and sides of the head of the metacarpal and the base of the proximal phalynx

is called…

A

Extensor expansion

aka dorsal expansion/hood

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28
Q

Which muscles attach to the extensor expansion?

A

Dorsal interosseous muscle
Lumbrical
Extensor digitorum

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29
Q

General actions of muscles of the anterior forearm

A

Wrist flexion

Pronation

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30
Q

Muscles in the superficial group of the anterior forearm

radial to ulnar

A

Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris

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31
Q

The common flexor origin

A

The medial epicondyle of the humerus

Attaches to a common flexor tendon

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32
Q

Muscles of the intermediate compartment of the anterior forearm

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis

33
Q

The distal tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) are attached to…

A

The middle phalanx of the 4 fingers

34
Q

location of the ulnar nerve in the forearm in relation to the ulnar artery

A

((passes posterior to the medial epicondyle
enters the forearm by passing btw the heads of flexor carpi ulnaris))

descends medial to the ulnar artery

35
Q

where does the brachial artery bifurcate

A

in close relation to the head of the radius

36
Q

Carpal bones forming the sides of the carpal tunnel

A

Lateral side: scaphoid and trapezium

Medial side: pisiform and hamulate

37
Q

Contents of the carpal tunnel

A

Median nerve
4 tendons of flexor digitorum profundus
4 tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis
1 tendon of flexor pollicis longus

38
Q

The tendon of palmaris longus is continuous with what structure?

A

Palmar fascia/ aponeurosis

39
Q

The thenar muscles (making up the thenar eminence) are…

A

Abductor pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis brevis
Opponens pollicis

(adductor pollicis is innervated by ulnar nerve and not a thenar muscle)

40
Q

The thenar muscles are innervated by…

A

the median nerve

41
Q

The hypothenar muscles (making up the hypothenar eminence) are…

A

Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi
Opponens digiti minimi

42
Q

The lumbricals originate from…

A

The tendons of flexor digitorum profundus

43
Q

Origin and insertion of the interosseous muscles…

A

Origin: metacarpal
Insertion: proximal phalanges

44
Q

The interossei are innervated by…

A

The ulnar nerve

45
Q

The main contributor to the arterial superficial palmar arch is…

A

sUperficial = Ulnar artery

46
Q

The main contributor to the arterial deep palmar arch is…

A

radial artery

47
Q

What type of joint is the wrist joint (btw the forearm and the hand)?

A

Synovial condyloid/ellipsoid

48
Q

Structures forming the proximal and distal parts of the wrist joint

A

Proximal: radius + articular disc
Distal: scaphoid, lunate + triquetrum carpal bones

49
Q

Carpal bones:
proximal row, lateral to medial
distal row, lateral to medial

A

proximal: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
distal: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

50
Q

The concavity of the palmar surface of the carpal bones is converted into a channel by…

A 
Flexor retinaculum (a strong fibrous band)
 - forms the roof of the carpal tunnel
51
Q

Lymphatic vessels accompanying the great saphenous vein drain into…

A

The superficial inguinal lymph nodes

52
Q

Lymphatic vessels accompanying the small saphenous vein drain into…

A

the popliteal lymph nodes

53
Q

The fibrocartilaginous collar that deepens the acetabular cavity is called the…

A

Acetabular labrum

54
Q

The iliofemoral ligament prevents…

A

Hyperextension of the hip joint

55
Q

The pubofemoral ligament prevents…

A

hyperabduction of the hip joint

56
Q

In practice, the abductors of the hip are useful for…

A

Walking, they contract on the side of the weightbearing leg to keep up the pelvis on the unsupported side.

57
Q

Trendelenburg’s sign

A

If hip aBductors are damaged on one side (e.g. left), the pelvis will drop on the opposite side (e.g. right) when the opposite (e.g. right) leg is unsupported.

Trendelenburg gait = This means when the patient walks, their upper body will lurch to the side on which the adductors are damaged (e.g. left) when they stand on that leg in order to stay balanced.

head goes to side of pathology

58
Q

The obturator nerve exits the pelvis + enters the thigh through…

A

The obturator canal

= the small opening in the obturator foramen which is mostly closed by the obturator membrane)

59
Q

The 4 parts of the quadriceps unite to form…

A

The quadriceps tendon,
Then forms the patellar ligament
Attaches to the tibial tuberosity

60
Q

Sartorius can carry out flexion at the hip AND knee because…

A

it spirals around the thigh from lateral to medial, crossing the hip joint anteriorly but the knee posteriorly

61
Q

What structures pass through the adductor hiatus?

A

Femoral artery*
Femoral vein*
Saphenous nerve

*become the popliteal artery and vein

62
Q

The external iliac artery becomes the femoral artery when…

A

It crosses under the inguinal ligament, entering the femoral triangle

63
Q

The femoral artery enters the thigh (into the femoral triangle) midway between which 2 points?

A

ASIS + pubic tubercle

64
Q

The large branch of the femoral artery that passes posteriorly towards the hamstrings is called…

A

profunda femoris

65
Q

Which 2 veins drain into the femoral vein in the femoral triangle?

A

Profunda femoris vein

Great saphenous vein

66
Q

Boundaries of the femoral triangle

A

Base: inguinal ligament
Medial: adductor longus
Lateral: sartorius

67
Q

Contents of the femoral triangle (medial to lateral)

A

Femoral vein
Femoral artery
Femoral nerve

(all pass under the inguinal ligament to emerge into the triangle)

68
Q

The funnel shaped fascial tube that surrounds the proximal parts of the femoral blood vessels and creates the femoral canal is called

A

The femoral sheath

69
Q

The femoral sheath is loosely divided into three compartments, they contain…

A

Lateral: femoral artery
Intermediate: femoral vein
Medial: femoral canal*

*contains fat, loose connective tissue and lymph nodes and vessels

70
Q

The weak area within the anterior abdominal wall - the site for a femoral hernia is called…

+ how do femoral hernias occur

A

The femoral ring

Abdominal contents push into the femoral canal, within the femoral sheath and out through the femoral ring.

71
Q

Are femoral hernias more common in men or women?

A

women

72
Q

The tunnel starting from the apex of the femoral canal and passing posteriorly through muscle to the adductor hiatus is called…

A

The adductor canal

73
Q

Location of the adductor hiatus

A

Within the tendon of adductor magnus

74
Q

Contents passing through the adductor hiatus emerge into the…

A

popliteal fossa

75
Q

Contents of the adductor canal

A

Femoral artery
Femoral vein
Saphenous nerve
Nerve to vastus medialis

76
Q

What type of joint are the carpometacarpal joints?

A

Fingers: synovial plane

Thumb: Synovial saddle

77
Q

What type of joint are the MCP joints?

A

Condyloid

78
Q

What type of joint are the interphalyngeal joints?

A

hinge

3 - Musculoskeletal (7 decks)

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