Anatomy 2

Question 1

Peripheral nerve axons are coated in…

And grouped together to form…

Answer 1

Coated in endoneurium

Grouped into fascicles

Question 2

Fascicles are coated in…

And grouped into…

Answer 2

Coated in perineurium

Grouped into nerves

Question 3

Nerves are coated in…

Answer 3

Epineurium

Question 4

Axonal growth rate

Answer 4

1mm per day

up to 3mm/day in children

Question 5

The shaft of a long bone is called…..

Answer 5

Diaphysis

Question 6

The flare at the end of the shaft of a long bone is called

Answer 6

Metaphysis

made of cancellous bone

Question 7

The long thoracic nerve is a branch of…

Answer 7

C5 nerve root

Question 8

Divisions from the superior trunk of the brachial plexus feed into…

Answer 8

The lateral and posterior cord

anterior divisions to the lateral cord, posterior divisions to the posterior cord

Question 9

Divisions from the middle trunk of the brachial plexus feed into…

Answer 9

The lateral and posterior cord

anterior divisions to the lateral cord, posterior divisions to the posterior cord

Question 10

Divisions from the inferior trunk feed into the…

Answer 10

medial and posterior cord

anterior divisions to the medial cord, posterior divisions to the posterior cord

Question 11

Terminal branches of the lateral cord

in order that they branch off, proximal to distal

Answer 11

lateral pectoral nerve
lateral root of the median nerve
Musculocutaneous nerve

Question 12

Terminal branches of the posterior cord

in order that they branch off, proximal to distal

Answer 12

upper subscapular nerve
thoracodorsal nerve
lower subscapular nerve
Axillary nerve
Radial nerve

Question 13

Terminal branches of the medial cord

in order that they branch off, proximal to distal

Answer 13

medial pectoral nerve
medial cutaneous nerve of the arm
medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm
Medial head of median nerve
Ulnar nerve

Question 14

Terminal branches of the lateral cord carry nerve fibres from which nerve roots?

Answer 14

C5, C6, C7

Question 15

Terminal branches from the posterior cord carry nerve fibres from which nerve roots?

Answer 15

C5 - T1

Question 16

Terminal branches from the medial cord carry nerve fibres from which nerve roots?

Answer 16

C8, T1

Question 17

The median nerve carries nerve fibres from which nerve roots?

Answer 17

C5-T1

Question 18

3 muscles that extend the medial 4 digits

Answer 18

Extensor digitorum - can identify on specimen
Extensor indicis
Extensor digiti minimi

Question 19

The common extensor origin for muscles of the forearm is…

Answer 19

the lateral epicondyle of the humerus

Question 20

Course of extensor digitorum

Answer 20

Arises from the lateral epicondyle (common extensor origin)
Ends in a tendon in the distal forearm
tendon passes under extensor retinaculum + divides into 4 tendons for the fingers

Question 21

Location of the supinator

Answer 21

Very deep

Envelops the neck and proximal shaft of the radius, covering it completely except on its medial side

Question 22

Course of the radial nerve in the forearm

Answer 22

Divides into superficial and deep branches in the cubital fossa

Deep branch (motor): innervates muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm

Superficial branch (sensory): skin on dorsum of hand

Question 23

The anatomical snuff box is bound laterally by…

Answer 23

The tendons of abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis

Question 24

The anatomical snuff box is bound medially by…

Answer 24

The tendon of extensor pollicis longus

Question 25

Which two carpal bones can be felt in the anatomical snuff box?

Answer 25

Scaphoid | Trapezium

Question 26

Which artery lies on the floor of the anatomical snuff box?

Answer 26

Radial artery

Question 27

The triangular, tendinous aponeurosis that wraps around the dorsum and sides of the head of the metacarpal and the base of the proximal phalynx is called...

Answer 27

Extensor expansion | aka dorsal expansion/hood

Question 28

Which muscles attach to the extensor expansion?

Answer 28

Dorsal interosseous muscle Lumbrical Extensor digitorum

Question 29

General actions of muscles of the anterior forearm

Answer 29

Wrist flexion | Pronation

Question 30

Muscles in the superficial group of the anterior forearm | radial to ulnar

Answer 30

Pronator teres Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Flexor carpi ulnaris

Question 31

The common flexor origin

Answer 31

The medial epicondyle of the humerus | Attaches to a common flexor tendon

Question 32

Muscles of the intermediate compartment of the anterior forearm

Answer 32

Flexor digitorum superficialis

Question 33

The distal tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) are attached to...

Answer 33

The middle phalanx of the 4 fingers

Question 34

location of the ulnar nerve in the forearm in relation to the ulnar artery

Answer 34

((passes posterior to the medial epicondyle enters the forearm by passing btw the heads of flexor carpi ulnaris)) descends medial to the ulnar artery

Question 35

where does the brachial artery bifurcate

Answer 35

in close relation to the head of the radius

Question 36

Carpal bones forming the sides of the carpal tunnel

Answer 36

Lateral side: scaphoid and trapezium | Medial side: pisiform and hamulate

Question 37

Contents of the carpal tunnel

Answer 37

Median nerve 4 tendons of flexor digitorum profundus 4 tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis 1 tendon of flexor pollicis longus

Question 38

The tendon of palmaris longus is continuous with what structure?

Answer 38

Palmar fascia/ aponeurosis

Question 39

The thenar muscles (making up the thenar eminence) are...

Answer 39

Abductor pollicis brevis Flexor pollicis brevis Opponens pollicis (adductor pollicis is innervated by ulnar nerve and not a thenar muscle)

Question 40

The thenar muscles are innervated by...

Answer 40

the median nerve

Question 41

The hypothenar muscles (making up the hypothenar eminence) are...

Answer 41

Abductor digiti minimi Flexor digiti minimi Opponens digiti minimi

Question 42

The lumbricals originate from...

Answer 42

The tendons of flexor digitorum profundus

Question 43

Origin and insertion of the interosseous muscles...

Answer 43

Origin: metacarpal Insertion: proximal phalanges

Question 44

The interossei are innervated by...

Answer 44

The ulnar nerve

Question 45

The main contributor to the arterial superficial palmar arch is...

Answer 45

sUperficial = Ulnar artery

Question 46

The main contributor to the arterial deep palmar arch is...

Answer 46

radial artery

Question 47

What type of joint is the wrist joint (btw the forearm and the hand)?

Answer 47

Synovial condyloid/ellipsoid

Question 48

Structures forming the proximal and distal parts of the wrist joint

Answer 48

Proximal: radius + articular disc Distal: scaphoid, lunate + triquetrum carpal bones

Question 49

Carpal bones: proximal row, lateral to medial distal row, lateral to medial

Answer 49

proximal: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform distal: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

Question 50

The concavity of the palmar surface of the carpal bones is converted into a channel by...

Answer 50

``` Flexor retinaculum (a strong fibrous band) - forms the roof of the carpal tunnel ```

Question 51

Lymphatic vessels accompanying the great saphenous vein drain into...

Answer 51

The superficial inguinal lymph nodes

Question 52

Lymphatic vessels accompanying the small saphenous vein drain into...

Answer 52

the popliteal lymph nodes

Question 53

The fibrocartilaginous collar that deepens the acetabular cavity is called the...

Answer 53

Acetabular labrum

Question 54

The iliofemoral ligament prevents...

Answer 54

Hyperextension of the hip joint

Question 55

The pubofemoral ligament prevents...

Answer 55

hyperabduction of the hip joint

Question 56

In practice, the abductors of the hip are useful for...

Answer 56

Walking, they contract on the side of the weightbearing leg to keep up the pelvis on the unsupported side.

Question 57

Trendelenburg's sign

Answer 57

If hip aBductors are damaged on one side (e.g. left), the pelvis will drop on the opposite side (e.g. right) when the opposite (e.g. right) leg is unsupported. Trendelenburg gait = This means when the patient walks, their upper body will lurch to the side on which the adductors are damaged (e.g. left) when they stand on that leg in order to stay balanced. **head goes to side of pathology**

Question 58

The obturator nerve exits the pelvis + enters the thigh through...

Answer 58

The obturator canal | = the small opening in the obturator foramen which is mostly closed by the obturator membrane)

Question 59

The 4 parts of the quadriceps unite to form...

Answer 59

The quadriceps tendon, Then forms the patellar ligament Attaches to the tibial tuberosity

Question 60

Sartorius can carry out flexion at the hip AND knee because...

Answer 60

it spirals around the thigh from lateral to medial, crossing the hip joint anteriorly but the knee posteriorly

Question 61

What structures pass through the adductor hiatus?

Answer 61

Femoral artery* Femoral vein* Saphenous nerve *become the popliteal artery and vein

Question 62

The external iliac artery becomes the femoral artery when...

Answer 62

It crosses under the inguinal ligament, entering the femoral triangle

Question 63

The femoral artery enters the thigh (into the femoral triangle) midway between which 2 points?

Answer 63

ASIS + pubic tubercle

Question 64

The large branch of the femoral artery that passes posteriorly towards the hamstrings is called...

Answer 64

profunda femoris

Question 65

Which 2 veins drain into the femoral vein in the femoral triangle?

Answer 65

Profunda femoris vein | Great saphenous vein

Question 66

Boundaries of the femoral triangle

Answer 66

Base: inguinal ligament Medial: adductor longus Lateral: sartorius

Question 67

Contents of the femoral triangle (medial to lateral)

Answer 67

Femoral vein Femoral artery Femoral nerve (all pass under the inguinal ligament to emerge into the triangle)

Question 68

The funnel shaped fascial tube that surrounds the proximal parts of the femoral blood vessels and creates the femoral canal is called

Answer 68

The femoral sheath

Question 69

The femoral sheath is loosely divided into three compartments, they contain...

Answer 69

Lateral: femoral artery Intermediate: femoral vein Medial: femoral canal* *contains fat, loose connective tissue and lymph nodes and vessels

Question 70

The weak area within the anterior abdominal wall - the site for a femoral hernia is called... + how do femoral hernias occur

Answer 70

The femoral ring Abdominal contents push into the femoral canal, within the femoral sheath and out through the femoral ring.

Question 71

Are femoral hernias more common in men or women?

Answer 71

women

Question 72

The tunnel starting from the apex of the femoral canal and passing posteriorly through muscle to the adductor hiatus is called...

Answer 72

The adductor canal

Question 73

Location of the adductor hiatus

Answer 73

Within the tendon of adductor magnus

Question 74

Contents passing through the adductor hiatus emerge into the...

Answer 74

popliteal fossa

Question 75

Contents of the adductor canal

Answer 75

Femoral artery Femoral vein Saphenous nerve Nerve to vastus medialis

Question 76

What type of joint are the carpometacarpal joints?

Answer 76

Fingers: synovial plane Thumb: Synovial saddle

Question 77

What type of joint are the MCP joints?

Answer 77

Condyloid

Question 78

What type of joint are the interphalyngeal joints?

Answer 78

hinge