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3 - Musculoskeletal > Anatomy 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy 1 Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of joints

A

Fibrous (immobile)
Cartilaginous (a bit mobile)
Synovial (vey mobile)

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2
Q

Examples of fibrous joints

A 
Periodontal ligaments
Cranial sutures
Interosseous membranes (e.g. btw radius and ulna)
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3
Q

In fibrous joints, the bones are connected by…

A

Fibrous connective tissue - composed of collagen fibres

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4
Q

2 types of cartilaginous joints

A

Primary (synchondrosis) - hyaline cartilage only

Secondary (symphysis) - hyaline + fibrocartilage

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5
Q

Examples of primary cartilaginous joints (synchondrosis)

A

epiphysial growth plate in growing long bones

First sternocostal joint

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6
Q

Examples of a symphysis
(secondary cartilaginous)

+ its make up

A

IV disc
pubic symphysis

bone - hyaline - fibrocartilage - hyaline - bone

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7
Q

Layers of articular/ hyaline cartilage

A

Articular surface

Superficial/tangential layer
Transitional layer

Bone

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8
Q

Superficial/tangential layer of hyaline cartilage - histology + function

A

Darker purple
Flattened chondrocytes - produce collagen and glycoproteins (e.g. lubricin)
Collagen fibre orientation = horizontal

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9
Q

Transitional layer of hyaline cartilage - histology and function

A

Lighter purple
Round chondrocytes - produce proteoglycans (e.g. aggrecan*)
Collagen fibre orientation = vertical

*really good at binding to water - healthy, young cartilage is >75% water which makes it incompressible (protects tissue)

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10
Q

Proteins to which oligosaccharide chains are attached

More of a protein than a carb

A

Glycoproteins

e.g. lubricin

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11
Q

Proteins that are heavily glycosylated (a protein core with one or more GAGs attached)
Tend to be more carb that protein

A

Proteoglycans

e.g. aggrecan

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12
Q

Long unbranched polysaccharides which are highly polar and so attract water (help with lubrication)

A

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

e.g. hyaluronic acid

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13
Q

Characteristics of the synovium

A

Composed of synoviocytes - produce fluid
Rich capillary network*
No epithelial lining

*O2, CO2 and metabolites are directly exchanged btw blood and synovial fluid

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14
Q

Types of synoviocytes

A

Type A:
look like macrophages
Remove debris
Contribute to synovial fluid production

Type B:
Fibroblast like
Main producer of synovial fluid

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15
Q

Characteristics of synovial fluid

A

Viscous like
contains hyaluronic acid and lubricin molecules
Fluid component is from blood plasma

exists in joints in small volumes (~0.5ml in knee)
Has a rapid turnover (~2hours)

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16
Q

Functions of synovial fluid

A

Nutrition of cartilage + removal of waste products (as cartilage is avascular, aneural + alymphatic)

Lubrication (–> less friction –> less wear)

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17
Q

3 types of lubrication

A

Boundary:
glycoproteins bind to receptors on articular surfaces to form a thin film

Hydrodynamic (like aquaplaning):
surfaces kept apart by liquid pressure

Weeping:
fluid in the cartilage is squeezed out to increase fluid volume

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18
Q

The co-efficient of friction of a synovial joint (range)

A

0.002 - 0.02

low number = little friction

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19
Q

The anterior wall of the axilla is formed by the…

A

Pectoralis major + minor

Subclavius muscles

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20
Q

The posterior wall of the axilla is formed by the…

A

Subscapularis
Teres major
Latissimus dorsi

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21
Q

The medial wall of the axilla is formed by the…

A

Thoracic wall

Serratus anterior

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22
Q

The lateral wall of the axilla is formed by the…

A

Intertubercular groove of the humerus

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23
Q

At what anatomical point does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery?

A

Lateral border of the 1st rib

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24
Q

At what anatomical point does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?

A

Lower border of the teres major muscle

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25
Erb's point location
On the upper trunk | 2-3cm above the clavicle on the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid
26
Injury to the upper trunk causes... | name, presentation + causes
Erb's palsy "Waiter's tip" appearance of upper limb (medially rotated with wrist flexed) Causes: fall on the shoulder, birth injury
27
Which 3 muscles are affected in Erb's palsy?
Deltoid Biceps Brachialis
28
Injury to the lower trunk causes... | name + muscles affected
Klumpke's palsy muscles affected: intrinsic muscles of hand & ulnar flexors of the wrist and fingers
29
Function of the median cubital vein
A large communicating vein | Shunts blood from the cephalic vein to the basilic vein
30
The cephalic vein arises from...
The lateral end of the dorsal venous arch
31
The basilic vein arises from...
the medial end of the dorsal venous arch
32
All lymphatic vessels from the upper limb drain into...
Axillary lymph nodes (difficult to see in the dissected cadaver)
33
5 groups of axillary lymph nodes...
``` Anterior/ pectoral group Posterior/ subscapular group Apical group Central group Lateral group ```
34
Enlargement of axillary nodes is frequent in infections/malignancies affecting...
Upper limb + shoulder Upper back Front of chest + breast Upper anterolateral abdominal wall
35
Shape of the clavicle
Looking at it anteriorly: Medial 2/3rds = convex, Lateral 1/3rd = concave The superior, subcutaneous surface is smoother
36
Most common site of clavicle fractures
At the junction between the medial 2/3rds and lateral 1/3rd Where the curvature changes from concave to convex = The weakest point The clavicle is small but transmits large forces from the upper limb to the axial skeleton so a fall onto the shoulder/ outstretched arm is likely to break it.
37
What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint?
Synovial plane joint
38
What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
Synovial saddle joint
39
The scapulo-humeral rhythm
Beyond about the first 30 degrees of shoulder abduction, for every 3 degrees of abduction, 2 occur at the shoulder joint and 1 occurs at the scapula-thoracic joint (2:1 ratio)
40
The scapulothoracic joint
Not a true anatomical joint | The movement of the scapula on the thoracic wall
41
The fibrocartilaginous rim around the margin of the glenoid cavity that deepens the glenoid cavity is called the...
Glenoid labrum
42
The ligament between the acromion and coracoid processes is called... Its function is to....
the coracoacromial ligament strengthens the superior aspect of the joint capsule (prevents superior displacement of the humeral head)
43
The coraco-acromial arch is formed by the...
Acromion process Coracoacromial ligament Coracoid process
44
Which bursa communicates with the shoulder joint cavity?
The subscapular bursa | located under the coracoid process
45
What is the role of the subacromial bursa?
Reduces friction beneath the deltoid - promoting free motion of the rotator cuff muscles (the largest bursa) (commonly injured in sports involving overhead motions e.g. swimming)
46
Attachments of all rotator cuff muscles
All extend from the scapula to the humerus
47
The most important role of the rotator cuff muscles
Pull the humeral head into the glenoid fossa giving extra stability (also have a role in movement at the glenohumeral joint)
48
Origin and insertion of the deltoid
Origin: spans from the lateral spine of the scapula, across the acromion to the lateral third of the clavicle Insertion: The deltoid tuberosity on the lateral humerus
49
The axillary nerve supplies sensory innervation to...
The skin over the inferior portion of the deltoid | "badge area"
50
Origin and insertion of pectoralis major
Origin: medial third of the clavicle, sternum and ribs Insertion: Humerus
51
The triangular space below the clavicle, btw the deltoid and pectoralis major muscle is called the...
deltopectoral triangle | contains the cephalic vein, used for the placement of central lines
52
Attachments of serratus anterior + location in relation to another muscle
``` Lateral ribs (8-9) to the inferior angle of the scapula ``` located under latissimus dorsi
53
attachments of pectoralis minor
Ribs to coracoid process (via tendon)
54
What clinical sign is seen then the long thoracic nerve is injured? + when is it commonly injured?
``` Scapular winging (serratus anterior can no longer keep the scapula pulled against the thoracic cage) ``` Commonly injured during radical mastectomy as it runs on the superficial surface of the muscle
55
Muscles of the anterior (flexor) compartment of the arm
Biceps brachii Brachialis Coracobrachialis
56
The short head of the biceps brachii arises from...
the coracoid process | along with the coracobrachialis
57
The long head of the biceps brachii arises from...
The supraglenoid tubercle | then runs in the bicipital (intertubercular) groove of the humerus
58
Distal attachment of the biceps brachii
((Unite at the distal third of the upper arm form a short tendon)) inserts into the tuberosity of the radius
59
Origin and insertion of the coracobrachialis
Origin: tip of the coracoid process Insertion: medial margin of the humerus (around the middle)
60
Origin and insertion of brachialis
Origin: Distal half of the shaft of the humerus Insertion: Coronoid process of the ulna (lies partly under biceps brachii)
61
Course of the musculocutaneous nerve | what does it become
Descends btw biceps and brachialis (supplying them both) Continues as the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm
62
the musculocutaneous nerve becomes the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm and supplies cutaneous sensation to the...
anterolateral aspect of the forearm
63
Functions of the musculocutaneous nerve
sensory supply of the anterolateral aspect of the forearm motor innervation of the anterior (flexor) compartment of the arm (biceps, brachialis, coracobrachialis)
64
Course of the median nerve
Descends with the axillary/brachial artery Crosses the cubital fossa (gives no branches in the axilla or upper arm)
65
Course of the ulnar nerve
Descends with brachial artery Then enters the posterior compartment of the arm --> the back of the medial epicondyle
66
what injury commonly damages the axillary nerve
shoulder dislocation* fractured neck of humerus *so check for sensation in badge patch before and after replacing a dislocated shoulder
67
The base of the cubital fossa is formed by...
an imaginary line drawn between the two epicondyles of the humerus
68
The medial border of the cubital fossa is formed by...
the lateral border of pronator teres
69
The lateral border of the cubital fossa is formed by...
the medial border of brachioradialis
70
Contents of the cubital fossa lateral to medial
Radial Nerve (very deep/not very identifiable) - lateral Brachial Tendon Brachial Artery Medial Nerve - medial (Really Need Beer To Be At My Nicest)
71
Muscles in the posterior compartment of the arm
triceps (only)
72
Origins and insertion of the triceps
long head: infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula short lateral + medial heads: humerus Insertion: olecranon process of the ulna
73
Nerve supply to the triceps and anconeus muscle
radial nerve
74
The radial nerve innervates | general
all the extensor muscles of the elbow and wrist joint
75
Course of the radial nerve
descends in the radial (spiral) groove of the humerus
76
Which deep branch of the brachial artery accompanies the radial nerve in the radial (spiral) groove?
profunda brachii
77
characteristic sign of a radial nerve injury
wrist drop
78
Both the proximal and distal radioulnar joints are which type of joint?
Uniaxial pivot type synovial joints (movements = pronation + supination)
79
The radius and ulna are parallel when.... | and crossed when.....
parallel when supinated | crossed when pronated
80
Muscles attaching to the greater tuberosity of the humerus
Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor *SIT* (subscapularis attaches to the lesser tuberosity)
81
Functions of the clavicle
``` Supports the shoulder Protects the brachial plexus and vessels Attachments for muscles - trapezius - deltoid - pectoralis major - subclavius - SCM - sternohyoid ```
82
The axillary nerve supplies motor innervation to...
Deltoid | Teres minor
83
Common causes of radial nerve palsy
Nerve compressed (e.g. with arm over back of chair - Saturday night palsy) Nerve trapped - e.g. due to midshaft humeral fracture
84
The brachial artery bifurcates and becomes...
The ulnar artery (burrows deep) | The radial artery (superficial)

3 - Musculoskeletal (7 decks)

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