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ophthalmology > anatomy 2 > Flashcards

anatomy 2 Flashcards

1
Q

4 parasympathetic ganglia of head + neck

A

ciliary ganglion
pterygopalatine ganglion
otic ganglion
submandibular

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2
Q

synapse that occurs in ciliary ganglion

A

presynaptic parasympathetic fibres from inferior division of CN III
–>
postsynaptic short ciliary nerve

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3
Q

pathway of oculomotor (CNIII)

skull exit?

A

connects with CNS at junction of midbrain + pons
passes through cavernous sinus
exits via superior orbital fissure

splits into superior + inferior

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4
Q

where do the rectus muscles of the eye originate from? where do they insert into?

A

common tendinous ring

all insert into sclera

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5
Q

where do the superior + inferior oblique muscles of the eye originate from respectively? where do they insert into?

A

superior = sphenoid bone

inferior = orbital plate of maxilla

BOTH insert into sclera

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6
Q

where does levator palpebrae superioris originate from? where does it insert into?

A

originates from lesser wing of sphenoid

inserts onto skin + tarus of superior eyelid

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7
Q

innervation of extraocular muscles

A

LR6 SO4 AO3

lateral rectus = CNVI abducent
superior oblique = CNIV trochlear
all others = CNIII oculomotor

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8
Q

which part of the orbit is most prone to blowout fractures?

A

inferior (orbital flooe) + medial wall

fractures commonly occur at sutures forming orbital rim

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9
Q

name the muscle of the eyelid and its innervation

A

orbicularis oculi divided into - orbital + palpebral parts

CNVII

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10
Q

which muscle is responsible for tightly squeezing your eyes shut?

A

orbital part of orbicularis oculi

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11
Q

which muscle is responsible for gently closing your eyes shut?

A

palpebral part of orbicularis oculi

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12
Q

role of superior tarus muscle

A

open eye really wide

sympathetic innervation

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13
Q

role of tarsal gland

A 
secretes lipids
prevents tears (lacrimal fluid) overflowing (when being produced in normal amounts)
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14
Q

when does lacrimal fluid drain to?

A

inferior meatus via lacrimal puncta

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15
Q

location of lacrimal gland

A

superolaterally of orbit

parasympathetic (CN VII)

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16
Q

layers of the eye

A

outer = fibrous (sclera + cornea)

middle = uvea (vascular layer) -> iris, ciliary body, coroid

inner = retina (photosensitive)

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17
Q

where do all the rectus muscles of the eye originate from? where do they insert into?

A

all originate = common tendinous ring

all insert into sclera

18
Q

where do the oblique muscles of the eye originate from? where do they insert into?

A

originates
Superior oblique = Sphenoid bone (S-S)
inferior oblique = orbital plate of maxilla

both insert into sclera

19
Q

where does the levator palpebrae superioris originate from? where does it insert into?

A

originates - lesser wing of sphenoid (LPS-LWS)

inserts - skin + tarus of superior eyelid

20
Q

how many extraocular muscles are there?

A

7 skeletal muscles
4 rectus
2 oblique
1 levator palpebrae superioris

21
Q

extraocular muscles responsible for pure elevation of eye?

A

superior rectus + inferior oblique

synergistically to elevate eyes
but antagonists (working against each other) as rotators
22
Q

extraocular muscles responsible for pure depression?

A

superior oblique + inferior rectus

synergistically depress eyes
but antagonists as aDductors/aBductors

23
Q

where do parasympathetic ganglia tend to be located compared to sympathetic?

A

parasympathetic - usually near organ its acting on

sympathetic - ganglia usually in spinal trunk

24
Q

where/what is the limbus?

A

corneoscleral junction

25
Q

3 parts of the uvea from anterior to posterior

A

iris
ciliary body
choroid - nutrition + gas exchange

26
Q

function of ciliary body

A
  • controls iris, shape of lens + secretion of aqueous humour
27
Q

common location of “floater”

A

vitreous body

28
Q

circulation of aqueous

A
  1. ciliary processes in ciliary body secrete aqueous
  2. aqueous circulates within pos chamber, nourishes lens
  3. passes through pupil to ant chamber, nourishes cornea
  4. aqueous absorbed into scleral venous sinus = canal of Schlemm at iridocorneal angle
29
Q

angle involved in open-angle + closed-angle glaucoma

A

iridocorneal angle

30
Q

pathways of internal carotid artery to ophthalmic artery

A

passes through carotid foramen then through cavernous sinus

–> as passes through cavernous sinus ophthalmis artery branches off

31
Q

which artery pierces the optic nerve?

A

central artery of retina = end artery, only artery that supplies retina

32
Q

where is the danger triangle of the face? why is it dangerous?

A

upper lip, nose, to between brows

method of spread of infection

33
Q

what is the fundus? what does this incluse?

A

posterior area where light is focused

  • optic disc
  • macula
  • fovea
34
Q

optic disc

A

point of CN II formation
only point of entry/exit for blood vessels + axons of CN II
blind spot

35
Q

where is the greatest density of cones?

A

macula

36
Q

fovea

A

centre of the macula
depression, 1.5mm diameter
area of most acute vision

37
Q

why is the optic disc the “blind spot”?

A

there are no photoreceptors in the optic disc

38
Q

where do the retinal veins + arteries lie in respect to the retina?

A

anterior

39
Q

interruption of flow to central artery vs retinal artery branch

A

branch = loss of an area of visual field corresponding to the area of ischaemia

central = monocular blindness

40
Q

movement of vertical axis of eye

A

abduction / adduction

41
Q

movement of transverse axis

A

elevation / depression

42
Q

movement of anteroposterior axis

A

intorsion/extorsion

ophthalmology (9 decks)

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