anatomy

Question 1

where do the kidneys develop from embryologically

Answer 1

intermediate mesoderm

Question 2

what is the first nephric structure to form in embryology

Answer 2

pronephric system

Question 3

what does the metanephric system develop from

Answer 3

metanephric blastema and uteric bud

Question 4

what does the metanephric blastema give rise to

Answer 4

nephron components: bowman’s capsule, PCT, loop of henle and DCT

Question 5

what does the uteric bud give rise to

Answer 5

renal pelvis, ureters, collecting ducts

Question 6

how do the kidneys move during embryonic period

Answer 6

ascend from pelvis to L1 level during weeks 6-9

Question 7

name and describe two developmental abnormalities in the kidney

Answer 7

pelvic kidney - one fails to ascend
horseshoe kidney - inferior poles fuse before ascent and become trapped beneath the inferior mesenteric artery

Question 8

where do ejaculatory ducts develop from

Answer 8

mesonephric ducts

Question 9

what are the 4 main components of the urinary tract

Answer 9

kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra

Question 10

what is the role of the ureter

Answer 10

drains urine from the kidneys to the bladder

Question 11

role of the urethra

Answer 11

excretion of urine (and semen in males)

Question 12

how would you describe kidneys in terms of association with the peritoneum

Answer 12

retroperitoneal

Question 13

describe flow of urine through the kidneys

Answer 13

produced in the nephron and moves into collecting ducts
collecting ducts converge towards renal papilla
-> minor calyx -> major calyx -> renal pelvis -> ureter

Question 14

what is the pelviureteric junction

Answer 14

where the renal pelvis transitions into the ureter

Question 15

which kidney is slightly lower than the other and why

Answer 15

right kidney due to the size of the liver

Question 16

vertebral level of the kidneys

Answer 16

L1-3 right kidney
T12-L2 left kidney

Question 17

what region of the abdomen do you find the kidneys in

Answer 17

lumbar

Question 18

describe the layers surrounding the kidney, from superficial to deep (4)

Answer 18

pararenal fat, renal fascia, perinephric fat, renal capsule

Question 19

what are the 2 main areas in the kidney

Answer 19

outer cortex and inner medulla

Question 20

what is the renal papilla

Answer 20

the apex of the renal pyramids

Question 21

what collects urine from the pyramids

Answer 21

minor calyx

Question 22

what are the structures of the renal hilum

Answer 22

renal artery, renal vein and ureter

Question 23

what component of the nephron is responsible for creating the hyperosmotic environment in the renal medulla

Answer 23

loop of henle

Question 24

what supplies the medulla with blood

Answer 24

vasa recta

Question 25

what is the vasa recta

Answer 25

collection of capillaries that maintain countercurrent exchange in the kidney

Question 26

where does lymph from the kidneys drain

Answer 26

lumbar nodes

Question 27

sympathetic nerve supply to the kidney

Answer 27

from T10-L2 via sympathetic chains and abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves

Question 28

parasympathetic nerve supply to the kidney

Answer 28

CN X

Question 29

where do the ureters arise from

Answer 29

renal pelvis

Question 30

what is the ureteropelvic junction

Answer 30

where the renal pelvis narrows to form the ureter

Question 31

what type of epithelium lines the lumen of the ureter

Answer 31

transitional epithelium

Question 32

blood supply to the ureters

Answer 32

branches of the internal iliac artery

Question 33

venous drainage of the ureters

Answer 33

internal iliac vein

Question 34

where does lymph from the ureters drain

Answer 34

lumbar and iliac nodes

Question 35

what is hydronephrosis

Answer 35

water inside the kidney

Question 36

what causes hydronephrosis

Answer 36

urine back pressure into the calyces compresses the nephrons causing renal failure

Question 37

what is the name of the muscle that forms most of the bladder wall

Answer 37

detrusor

Question 38

how does the detrusor muscle prevent the reflux of urine into the ureters

Answer 38

encircle the orifices to close them when the bladder contracts

Question 39

what is the most anterior organ in the pelvis

Answer 39

bladder

Question 40

histology of the female urethra

Answer 40

transitional epithelium which transitions into stratified squamous epithelium near its termination

Question 41

what are the 3 main sections of the male urethra

Answer 41

prostatic, membranous and penile

Question 42

where does the prostatic urethra run

Answer 42

from the bladder through the prostate gland

Question 43

histology of the prostatic urethra

Answer 43

transitional epithelium

Question 44

where does the membranous urethra run

Answer 44

prostate to the bulb of the penis

Question 45

histology of the membranous urethra

Answer 45

transitional epithelium into stratified columnar

Question 46

histology of the penile urethra

Answer 46

stratified columnar into stratified squamous near the tip

Question 47

how do the testes move during foetal development

Answer 47

from the posterior abdomen, through the inguinal canal and to the scrotum

Question 48

where do the testis sit in

Answer 48

sac called the tunica vaginalis

Question 49

what is hydrocele

Answer 49

excess fluid between the visceral and parietal layers of the tunica vaginalis

Question 50

where can the epididymis be palpated

Answer 50

at the posterior aspect of the testis

Question 51

where can the vas deferens be palpated and what does it feel like

Answer 51

within the spermatic cord, in the scrotum superior to the testes feels like a thick piece of string

Question 52

what are the 3 main components found in the spermatic cord

Answer 52

vas deferens, testicular artery, pampiniform plexus

Question 53

where do the right and left testicular veins drain into

Answer 53

right - IVC left - left renal vein

Question 54

what are the main types of erectile tissue

Answer 54

corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum

Question 55

blood supply to the scrotum

Answer 55

internal pudendal and branches from the external iliac

Question 56

where do most prostate cancers arise

Answer 56

in the peripheral zone

Question 57

where is sperm produced

Answer 57

seminiferous tubules

Question 58

what is the inferior aspect of the prostate in contact with

Answer 58

levator ani muscle

Question 59

what is the role of sertoli cells

Answer 59

coordination of sperm production

Question 60

what stimulates sertoli cells

Answer 60

FSH

Question 61

what is the role of leydig cells

Answer 61

produce testosterone in response to LH

Question 62

where are leydig and sertoli cells found

Answer 62

in the testes

Question 63

what are the main 5 modalities of nerves

Answer 63

somatic motor, somatic sensory, visceral motor (autonomic), visceral sensory, special sensory

Question 64

what is somatic referring to

Answer 64

structures of the body wall (soma) -> skin, muscles and joints

Question 65

what is the role of somatic sensory nerves

Answer 65

carry information from sensations from the soma back to the CNS

Question 66

what can somatic sensory nerves detect and transmit information about

Answer 66

touch, temperature, pain, proprioception and vibration

Question 67

what is decussation

Answer 67

crossing over of nerve fibres from one side of the CNS to another

Question 68

what is the consequence of decussation

Answer 68

information being transmitted from one side of the body is processed on the opposite side of the brain or spinal cord

Question 69

what is the role of somatic motor nerves

Answer 69

carries signals from the CNS and controls voluntary movements by stimulating contraction of skeletal muscle

Question 70

what do afferent and efferent mean

Answer 70

afferent = arriving at the CNS - sensory efferent = exiting the CNS - motor

Question 71

what is visceral referring to

Answer 71

internal organs, including blood vessels and glands

Question 72

what is the role of visceral afferent nerves

Answer 72

SENSORY carry information back from the organs to the CNS

Question 73

what receptors are particularly sensitive to vibration

Answer 73

pacinian corpuscles

Question 74

what are the 2 kind of mechanoreceptors responsible for detecting touch

Answer 74

merkel discs and meissners corpuscles

Question 75

where are merkels discs found

Answer 75

in the epidermis detect fine details of touch so mainly in areas like lips and fingertips

Question 76

where are meissners corpuscles found

Answer 76

dermis mostly found in fingertips, palms and soles of feet

Question 77

what is the process of detecting pain called

Answer 77

nociception

Question 78

what can visceral sensory nerves detect and transmit information about

Answer 78

stretch and pressure of internal organs, chemical changes e.g. pH and O2 levels, pain, temperature

Question 79

how is visceral pain usually described

Answer 79

dull, achy, poorly localised

Question 80

how is somatic pain usually described

Answer 80

sharp, stabbing, well-localised

Question 81

which kind of pain can commonly be referred, somatic or visceral?

Answer 81

visceral pain

Question 82

what usually causes somatic pain

Answer 82

tissue damage, injury or inflammation of structures

Question 83

what usually causes visceral pain

Answer 83

stretching, distension, ischaemia or inflammation of internal organs

Question 84

what is the role of visceral efferent nerves

Answer 84

carry information back from the CNS to control involuntary movements

Question 85

what are the 2 main divisions of visceral efferent nerves

Answer 85

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 86

how is sympathetic innervation usually described

Answer 86

fight or flight

Question 87

where does sympathetic innervation originate from

Answer 87

thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord (T1-L2)

Question 88

what is the primary neurotransmitter in sympathetic innervation

Answer 88

noradrenaline

Question 89

effect of sympathetics on HR, vaso and bronchioles

Answer 89

increased HR vasoconstriction to increase BP dilate bronchioles

Question 90

effect of parasympathetics on HR, vaso and bronchioles

Answer 90

decreased HR vasodilatation so lowers BP constricts bronchioles

Question 91

how is parasympathetic innervation usually described

Answer 91

rest and digest

Question 92

where does parasympathetic innervation originate from

Answer 92

craniosacral

Question 93

cranial nerves involved in parasympathetic innervation

Answer 93

3, 7, 9 and 10

Question 94

spinal nerves involved in parasympathetic innervation

Answer 94

S2-4 - pelvic splanchnic nerves

Question 95

primary neurotransmitter in parasympathetic innervation

Answer 95

acetylcholine

Question 96

what stimulates the internal urethral sphincter to contract

Answer 96

sympathetic fibres

Question 97

what stimulates the internal urethral sphincter to relax

Answer 97

parasympathetic fibres inhibit (relax) the sphincter

Question 98

what stimulates contraction of the external urethral sphincter

Answer 98

somatic motor fibres in the pudendal nerve

Question 99

where is pain from the kidneys usually felt

Answer 99

loin

Question 100

where is pain from the bladder usually felt

Answer 100

suprapubic

Question 101

what nerves sense the stretch of the bladder when it fills up with urine

Answer 101

visceral afferent fibres S2-4