Anatomy Flashcards
Erb-Duchenne’s palsy?
Injury to upper trunk - C5, C6 (brachial plexus)
Causes waiter’s tip
(internally rotated arm with fingers pointed backwards)
Can be caused by clavicle fracture at birth
Divisions of the brachial plexus?
READ THAT DAMN CADAVER BOOK
Roots (C5, C6, C7, C8, T1)
Trunks (sup, middle, inf)
Divisions (anterior or posterior)
Cords (lat, post, medial)
Branches (NERVES: musculocutaneous, axillary, median, radial, ulnar)
Rotator cuff muscles (of shoulder)
SITS:
-
Supraspinatus (supplied by suprascapular nerve)
Abduction from 0-15 degrees -
Infraspinatus (supplied by suprascapular nerve)
External rotation of shoulder -
Teres minor (supplied by axillary nerve)
External rotation of shoulder + adduction -
Subscapularis (supplied by subscapular nerves)
Internal rotation of shoulder + adduction
Muscles responsible for shoulder abduction? (0-180 degrees)
- 0-15 degrees: supraspinatus
- 15-90: deltoid (supplied by axillary nerve)
- 90-180: trapezius + serratous anterior
Effect of humerus fracture @ surgical neck
Axillary nerve injury
Loss of deltoid shoulder abduction 15-90 degrees = flat shoulder
Effect of humerus fracture @ midshaft region
Wrist drop = loss of wrist extension
Effect of humerus fracture @ supracondyle region (just above elbow joint)
Ulnar nerve injury
= claw hand
Carpal bones of the hand?
Some - scaphoid
Lovers - lunate
Try - triquetrum
Positions - pisiform
That - trapezium
They - trapezoid
Can’t - capitate
Handle - hamate
3 joints in hands?
DIP - distal interphalangeal joint
PIP - proximal interphalangeal joint
Metacarpophalangeal joint
Components running through carpal tunnel?
Median nerve
- 9 tendons:
- tendon of flexor pollicis longus
- 4 tendons of flexor digitorium profundus
- 4 tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis
Tests for carpal tunnel syndrome?
- (Tinel’s Sign)
Tapping the nerve in the carpal tunnel to elicit pain in median nerve distribution
(Phalen’smanoeuvre)
- Holding the wrist in flexion for 60 seconds to elicit numbness/pain in median nerve distribution
3 bones of each hip bone?
Pubic bone
Ilium
Ischium
=> fuse at the acetabulum
Ligaments that stabilise the hip joint?
Iliofemoral ligament
Pubofemoral ligament
Ischiofemoral ligament
Muscle that unlocks the knee for flexion?
A small muscle called popliteus is responsible for ‘unlocking’ the knee by rotating the femur back again to permit flexion.
Ligaments of the knee?
1) COLLATERAL LIGAMENTS
- medial collateral => connects femur to tibia
- lateral collateral => connects femur to fibula
2) CRUCIATE LIGAMENTS
- anterior (ACL) ⇒ prevents tibia moving anteriorly relative to the femur.
- posterior (PCL) ⇒ prevents the tibia moving posteriorly relative to the femur.
Tarsal bones? (foot)
(TIGER CUBS NEED MILC)
- talus
- calcaneus (heel bone)
- navicular
- three cuneiforms (medial, intermediate, and lateral).
- cuboid
Metatarsal bones?
The metatarsals are numbered 1 – 5 from the medial (great toe) side to the lateral (little toe) side.
AFTER METATARSALS:
The bones of the digits (toes) are phalanges (singular = phalanx).
Muscle innervated by ulnar nerve in upper limb?
- hand muscles (except thenar muscles + 2 lateral lumbricals)
- forearm muscles (flexor carpi ulnaris + medial half of flexor digitorum profundus)
What muscles does the median nerve innervate in hand?
MEAT LOAF
MEAT = median nerve
L = 2 lateral lumbricals
OAF = thenar muscles (see individual names OAF)
- opponens pollicis
- abductor pollicis brevis
- flexor pollicis brevis
Thenar muscles + roles
THUMB = POLLICIS
OAF
- opponens pollicis (opposes thumb)
- abductor pollicis brevis (abducts thumb)
- flexor pollicis brevis (flexes thumb)
Hypothenar muscles + roles
PINKY = DIGITI MINIMI
OAF
- opponens digiti minimi
- abductor digiti minimi
- flexor digiti minimi
Two types of interosseus muscles + roles?
- dorsal interossei (back of hand) - abduct
- palmar interossei (palm of hand) - adduct
PAD + DAB (palmar = adduct / dorsal = abduct)
Connective tissue band around carpal tunnel (in wrist)?
Flexor retinaculum
Arterial supply to pelvis?
Left and right INTERNAL ILIAC arteries.
Key branches of the internal iliac arteries are the:
- Vesical arteries - supply the bladder in both sexes, and the prostate and seminal vesicles in males.
- Uterine and vaginal arteries in females.
- Middle rectal artery - supplies the rectum.
- Internal pudendal artery - exits the pelvis to supply the perineum.
- Superior and inferior gluteal arteries exit the pelvis to supply the gluteal region.
- Obturator artery – exits the pelvis to supply the lower limb.
Role of obturator artery?
Exits the pelvis to supply the lower limb.
(branch of internal iliac artery)
Role of internal pudendal artery?
Exits the pelvis to supply the perineum.
Nerve innervating anterior thigh?
Femoral nerve
Nerve innervating medial thigh?
Obturator nerve
Nerve innervating posterior thigh?
Sciatic nerve (branches = tibial nerve + common fibular branch)
Roles + muscles of anterior thigh?
Flexor of hip, extensor of knee/leg
- Quadriceps femoris – a group of four large muscles.
- Sartorius
- Pectineus
- Iliopsoas (psoas major + iliacus)
Roles + muscles of medial thigh?
Adducts the thigh
- Adductor brevis
- Adductor longus
- ## Adductor magnus
- Gracilis
- Obturator externus
Roles + muscles of posterior thigh?
Extensor of hip + flexor of the knee
- Semimembranosus & semitendinosus
(tibial nerve branch of sciatic nerve) - Biceps femoris (common fibular branch of sciatic nerve)
- Hamstring part of adductor magnus (tibial nerve branch of sciatic nerve)
Lumbosacral plexus - lumbar vs sacral plexus?
LUMBAR PLEXUS:
- Pudendal nerve
- Sciatic nerve (branches = tibial nerve + common fibular nerve)
SACRAL PLEXUS:
- Femoral nerve
- Obtruator nerve
Lumbar plexus?
- Obturator nerve
- Femoral nerve
(other nerves too, but not as important?)
=> thigh adduction + hip flexor + knee/leg extension
Sacral plexus?
SP = S + P
Sciatic nerve
Pudendal nerve
=> gluteal region + posterior thigh + all of lower leg
Arterial supply of the duodenum?
First half = coeliac trunk (gastroduodenal branches from the common hepatic artery)
Second half = superior mesenteric artery
What are the three main arteries supplying the gut?
FOREGUT = COELIAC TRUNK
MIDGUT = superior mesenteric artery
HINDGUT = inferior mesenteric artery
What are the 3 branches of the coeliac trunk?
LEFT GASTRIC ARTERY
SPLENIC ARTERY
COMMON HEPATIC ARTERY
What does the splenic artery supply?
Spleen
Stomach (fungus - near spleen end)
Pancreas
What does the left gastric artery supply?
Distal oesophagus
Stomach (lesser curvature)
What does the common hepatic artery supply?
Gastroduodenal branch = stomach + duodenum
Proper hepatic branch = liver
What level of the spinal cord is the coeliac trunk?
L1
What level of the spinal cord is the superior mesenteric artery?
L1
What level of the spinal cord is the inferior mesenteric artery?
L3
What level of the spinal cord does the abdominal aorta end?
L4 (where it splits into the R + L iliac arteries)
What separates the frontal and parietal lobes?
Central sulcus
What separates the frontal and temporal lobes?
Sylvian fissure
What separates the parietal and occipital lobes?
Parieto-occipital sulcus
Key areas and functions of the frontal lobe of the brain?
- Prefrontal cortex (decision making and emotion)
- Motor cortex (primary motor cortex +
- Broca’s area - speech production (expressive aphasia)
Key areas and functions of the parietal lobe of the brain?
- Primary somatosensory cortex
(receives sensory information from all sensory receptors that provide information related to temperature, pain (spinothalamic pathway), vibration, proprioception and fine touch (dorsal column pathway)
Key areas and functions of the occipital lobe of the brain?
- Primary visual cortex (visual perception)
- Visual association cortex (interprets visual images)
=> color determination, facial recognition, depth perception, visuospatial processing and even plays a role in memory formation
Key areas and functions of the temporal lobe of the brain?
- Hearing
- Memory
- Speech comprehension - Wernicke’s area - receptive aphasia
Key areas and functions of the insular lobe of the brain?
Deep within the lateral sulcus
=> taste sensation, visceral sensation, pain sensation, and vestibular function.
