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Final Exam Reviewer > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

A muscular pump that forces blood around the body

A

Heart

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2
Q

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

A

Arteries

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3
Q

Vessels that bring blood back to the heart.

A

Veins

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4
Q

Tiny vessels that branch off from arteries to deliver blood toall body.

A

Capillaries

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5
Q

2 blood circulatory systems in the body.

A

systemic circulatory system.

pulmonary circulatory system.

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6
Q

3 vessels

A

Arteries, Veins, capillaries

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7
Q

main blood circulatory system that transports blood to the organs, tissues, and cells throughout the body.

A

Systemic circulatory system

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8
Q

This circulatory system moves blood between the heart and lungs. It is where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves the blood.

A

Pulmonary circulatory system

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9
Q

The heart consists of four distinct chambers:

A

Right and left atria ( Upper )
Right and left ventricle ( lower )

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10
Q

separates the atria and ventricles.

A

wall or “septum”

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11
Q

control the flow of blood within the different chambers.

A

Valves

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12
Q

Thecardiac cycle consists of two phases.

A

Diastole and systole

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13
Q

1st phase , which the ventricles fill with blood

A

Diastole

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14
Q

2nd phase, which the ventricles contract and eject blood

A

Systole e

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15
Q

Heart covering

A

Pericardium

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16
Q

– a double serous membrane

A

Pericardium

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17
Q

Next to the heart

A

Visceral pericardium

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18
Q

Outside layer

A

Parietal pericardium

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19
Q

3 layers of heart

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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20
Q

Outer layer of heart that contains blood vessels

A

Epicardium

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21
Q

Middle layer of heart that conposed of cardiac muscle or contractile tissues

A

Myocardium

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22
Q

Innermost kayer of heart that compose of Valves

A

Endocardium

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23
Q

 – receiving chambers

A

Atria

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24
Q

 – discharging chambers

A

Ventricles

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25
Q

Two Large veins deliver oxygen poor blood to your right atrium

A

Right atrium

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26
Q

The lower right chamber pumps the oxygen poor blood to your lungs through the pulmonary artery

A

Right ventricle

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27
Q

After the lungs failure blood with oxygen the pulmonary veins carry the blood to the left atrium

A

Left atrium

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28
Q

Slightly larger than the right . pumps oxygen rich blood to the rest of your body

A

Left ventricle

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29
Q

Are like doors between your heart chambers

A

Heart valves

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30
Q

Between atria and ventricles
Valves that open between your upper and lower heart chambers

A

Atrioventricular Valves

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31
Q

 – between ventricle and artery
Valves that open when blood flows out of your ventricles

A

Semilunar Valves

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32
Q

Door between you right atrium and right ventricle

A

Tricuspid valve

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33
Q

Door between your left atrium and left ventricle

A

Mitral valve

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34
Q

Opens when blood flows out of your left ventricle to your aorta (artery that carries oxygen rich blood to your body)

A

Aortic valve

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35
Q

Opens when blood flows from your right ventricle to your pulmonary arteries (the only arteries that carry oxygen poor blood to your lungs)

A

Pulmonary valve

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36
Q

 – leaves left ventricle

A

Aorta

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37
Q

 – leave right ventricle

A

Pulmonary Artery

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38
Q

 – enters right atrium

A

Vena Cava

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39
Q

 – enters left atrium

A

Pulmonary Veins (Four)

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40
Q

 – pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction

A

Systolic

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41
Q

 – pressure when ventricles relax

A

Diastolic

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42
Q

 – pressure wave of blood

A

Pulse

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43
Q

adjustments (sympathetic division)

A

Autonomic nervous system

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44
Q

A heartbeat that’s too fast too slow or beats with an irregular rhythm

A

Arrhythmia

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45
Q

Unusual thickening enlargement or stiffening of your heart muscle

A

Cardiomyopathy

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46
Q

Your heart is too stiff for too weak to properly pump blood throughout your body

A

Congestive heart failure

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47
Q

Plaque build up that leads to narrow coronary arteries

A

Coronary artery disease

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48
Q

Blood sugar is higher than it should be

A

Diabetes

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49
Q

A sudden coronary artery blockage that cuts off oxygen to part of your heart muscle. No enough blood flow in the heart

A

Heart attack

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50
Q

A valve in your heart isn’t working right

A

Heart valve disease

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51
Q

Your blood is pushing too hard against your artery walls

A

High Bloor pressure

52
Q

Your blood has too many fats in it

A

High cholesterol

53
Q

Inflammation in your hearts lining (pericardium)

A

Pericarditis

54
Q

 – regulates osmotic pressure

A

Albumin

55
Q

 – help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured

A

Clotting proteins

56
Q

 – help protect the body from antigens

A

Antibodies

57
Q

 – red blood cells

A

Erythrocytes

58
Q

 white blood cells

A

Leukocytes –

59
Q

 cell fragments

A

Platelets –

60
Q

 A clot in an unbroken blood vessel
 Can be deadly in areas like the heart

A

Thrombus

61
Q

 A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream
 Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain

A

Embolus

62
Q

 Platelet deficiency
 Even normal movements can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting

A

Thrombocytopenia

63
Q

 Hereditary bleeding disorder
 Normal clotting factors are missing

A

Hemophilia

64
Q

is a medical condition in which the blood supply to a part of the brain becomes cut off. T

A

Stroke

65
Q

Type of arrhythmia that begin in your atria (your heart’s upper chambers). “Supraventricular” means above your ventricles or lower chambers of your heart.

A

Supraventricular arrhythmias:

66
Q

These begin in your heart’s ventricles or lower chambers.

A

Ventricular arrhythmias:

67
Q

These can happen because of issues in your heart’s conduction system, such as the sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node or His-Purkinje network.

A

Bradyarrhythmiasandjunctional rhythms:

68
Q

, the tissues forming the valve leaflets become stiffer, narrowing the valve opening and reducing the amount of blood that can flow through it.

A

valvular stenosis

69
Q

(or regurgitation, incompetence, “leaky valve”), happens when the leaflets don’t close completely, letting blood leak backward across the valve.

A

Valvular insufficiency

70
Q

happens when a heart valve doesn’t form correctly before birth. This is usually diagnosed very early in infancy.

A

Valvular atresia

71
Q

is plaque buildup in your leg arteries.

A

Peripheral artery disease (PAD)

72
Q

Cessation of effective ventilation and circulation also known as cardiac arrest or circulatory arrest

A

Cardiopulmonary arrest

73
Q

A little fleshy hanging structure at the back of the soft palate which hangs above at the back of the throat

A

Uvula

74
Q

A group of organs that break down food into smaller components so that nutrients can be absorbed and assimilated

A

Digestive system

75
Q

Main function of the digestive system include

A

Motility secretion digestion absorption

76
Q

Stages of digestion

A

Ingestion, mixing and movement ,secretion, digestion absorption, transformation , excretion

77
Q

Supported and protected by the bones of the pelvis and rib cage

A

Abdominal organs

78
Q

The digestive tract begins at the

A

Lips and ends at the anus

79
Q

Organs that makes one or more substances such as hormones digestive juices sweat tear saliva or milk

A

Glands

80
Q

Accessory organs include

A

Salivary gland liver gallbladder pancreas

81
Q

First mechanical process to which food is subjected

A

Chewing

82
Q

It lubricates and moistens dry food

A

Saliva

83
Q

Two fleshy folds that surround the mouth are composed externally of skin and internally of mucus membrane or mucosa

A

Lips

84
Q

Is concave and is formed by the hard and soft palate

A

The roof of the mouth

85
Q

Formed by the horizontal portions of the two palatine bones and the palatine portions of the maxillae or upper jaws

A

Hard palate

86
Q

Composed of a strong thin fibrous sheet the palatine ape neurosis and the glass of palatine and pharyngo palatine muscles

A

Soft palate

87
Q

Can be seen only when the tongue is raised

A

The floor of the mouth

88
Q

Consists of mucous membranes connected by thick fibrous tissue to the membrane surrounding the bones of the jaw

A

Gums

89
Q

Hard white structures found in the mouth

A

Teeth

90
Q

A muscular organ located on the floor of the mouth is an extremely mobile structure and is an important accessory organ in such motor functions as speech chewing and swallowing

A

Tongue

91
Q

Is the passageway leading from the mouth and nose to the esophagus and larynx

A

Pharynx or throat

92
Q

Which passes food from the pharynx to the stomach

A

Esophagus

93
Q

Has three layers of muscle and outer longitudinal layer a middle circular layer and an inner oblique layer

A

Stomach

94
Q

Not only the largest gland in the body but also the most complex in function

A

Liver

95
Q

Carry out many metabolic functions including the production of bile

A

Hepatocytes

96
Q

Line the liver vascular system and play a role in blood formation and the destruction of cellular debris

A

Kupffer Cells

97
Q

Gallbladder, bile ducts

A

Biliary tract

98
Q

Long narrow gland that is situated transversely across the upper abdomen behind the stomach and the spleen

A

Pancreas

99
Q

Three types of islet cells

A

Alpha or A, beta or B, delta or D

100
Q

Cells granules that contain only glucagon whose release lead to the breakdown of glycogen in the liver and elevation of the level of blood glucose

A

Alpha

101
Q

Celebranules contain insulin whose effects are the opposite of glucagon

A

Beta cell

102
Q

Cell granules contain somatostatin whose effects inhibit the release of glucagon and insulin

A

Delta cell

103
Q

Where most of the digestive process occurs which channels water do the lymphatic system and nutrients to the circulatory system

A

Small intestine

104
Q

Or colon serves as a reservoir for the liquids emptied into it from the small intestine

A

Large intestine

105
Q

The large intestine can be divided into the

A

Secum, ascending colon , transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon

106
Q

First part of the large intestine is a sack with a close end that occupies the right iliac fossa the hollow of the inner side of the ilium

A

Cecum

107
Q

It stands up from the cecum at the level of the ilusical valve to the bend in the colon called the hepatic flexure

A

Ascending colon

108
Q

Variable in position depending largely on the distinction of the stomach but usually is located in the sub coastal plane

A

Transverse colon

109
Q

Passes down and in front of the left kidney and the left side of the posterior abdominal wall to the iliac crest

A

Descending colon

110
Q

Commonly divided into iliac and pelvic parts

A

Sigmoid colon

111
Q

Which is a continuation of the sigmoid colon begins in front of the mid sacrum

A

Rectum

112
Q

Most commonly caused by waste or stool that forms after food digestion moves too slowly through the digestive tract

A

Constipation

113
Q

Treatment for constipation

A

Laxatives and stools openers or enema

114
Q

Inflammation of the stomach and intestines

A

Gastroenteritis or stomach flu

115
Q

Two conditions that occur when digestive juices and acids in the stomach flow up into the esophagus

A

Acid reflux and gastroesophageal reflux disease ( GERD )

116
Q

Treatment for GERD

A

Histamine -2 receptor antagonist commonly called H2 blockers

Proton pump inhibitors ( PPI)

SURGERY

117
Q

Stones formed when cholesterol deposits harden in the gallbladder an organ that stores and concentrates bile to aid in fat digestion

A

Gallstones

118
Q

Digestive disorder caused by the consumption of gluten

A

Celiac disease

119
Q

Type of inflammatory bowel disease ( IBD )

A

Crohn’s disease

120
Q

Chronic disease that causes inflammation and ulcers or sores on the large intestine lining

A

Ulcerative colitis ( UC )

121
Q

Treatments for UC

A

Corticosteroids
immunomodulators and biological therapies

122
Q

Characterized by small pouches that protrude from weak spots in the large intestine or colon

A

Diverticulitis

123
Q

An ulcer is a sore on the lining of the stomach esophagus or small intestine

A

Peptic ulcers

124
Q

Develop due to swollen veins in the lower rectum

A

Hemorrhoids

125
Q

A tumor in the gi track can form as a result of a change in the dna that causes abnormal cells to grow

A

Gastrointestinal cancer

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