Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
A muscular pump that forces blood around the body
A
Heart
2
Q
Vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
A
Arteries
3
Q
Vessels that bring blood back to the heart.
A
Veins
4
Q
Tiny vessels that branch off from arteries to deliver blood toall body.
A
Capillaries
5
Q
2 blood circulatory systems in the body.
A
systemic circulatory system.
pulmonary circulatory system.
6
Q
3 vessels
A
Arteries, Veins, capillaries
7
Q
main blood circulatory system that transports blood to the organs, tissues, and cells throughout the body.
A
Systemic circulatory system
8
Q
This circulatory system moves blood between the heart and lungs. It is where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves the blood.
A
Pulmonary circulatory system
9
Q
The heart consists of four distinct chambers:
A
Right and left atria ( Upper )
Right and left ventricle ( lower )
10
Q
separates the atria and ventricles.
A
wall or “septum”
11
Q
control the flow of blood within the different chambers.
A
Valves
12
Q
Thecardiac cycle consists of two phases.
A
Diastole and systole
13
Q
1st phase , which the ventricles fill with blood
A
Diastole
14
Q
2nd phase, which the ventricles contract and eject blood
A
Systole e
15
Q
Heart covering
A
Pericardium
16
Q
– a double serous membrane
A
Pericardium
17
Q
Next to the heart
A
Visceral pericardium
18
Q
Outside layer
A
Parietal pericardium
19
Q
3 layers of heart
A
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
20
Q
Outer layer of heart that contains blood vessels
A
Epicardium
21
Q
Middle layer of heart that conposed of cardiac muscle or contractile tissues
A
Myocardium
22
Q
Innermost kayer of heart that compose of Valves
A
Endocardium
23
Q
– receiving chambers
A
Atria
24
Q
– discharging chambers
A
Ventricles
25
Two Large veins deliver oxygen poor blood to your right atrium
Right atrium
26
The lower right chamber pumps the oxygen poor blood to your lungs through the pulmonary artery
Right ventricle
27
After the lungs failure blood with oxygen the pulmonary veins carry the blood to the left atrium
Left atrium
28
Slightly larger than the right . pumps oxygen rich blood to the rest of your body
Left ventricle
29
Are like doors between your heart chambers
Heart valves
30
Between atria and ventricles
Valves that open between your upper and lower heart chambers
Atrioventricular Valves
31
– between ventricle and artery
Valves that open when blood flows out of your ventricles
Semilunar Valves
32
Door between you right atrium and right ventricle
Tricuspid valve
33
Door between your left atrium and left ventricle
Mitral valve
34
Opens when blood flows out of your left ventricle to your aorta (artery that carries oxygen rich blood to your body)
Aortic valve
35
Opens when blood flows from your right ventricle to your pulmonary arteries (the only arteries that carry oxygen poor blood to your lungs)
Pulmonary valve
36
– leaves left ventricle
Aorta
37
– leave right ventricle
Pulmonary Artery
38
– enters right atrium
Vena Cava
39
– enters left atrium
Pulmonary Veins (Four)
40
– pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction
Systolic
41
– pressure when ventricles relax
Diastolic
42
– pressure wave of blood
Pulse
43
adjustments (sympathetic division)
Autonomic nervous system
44
A heartbeat that's too fast too slow or beats with an irregular rhythm
Arrhythmia
45
Unusual thickening enlargement or stiffening of your heart muscle
Cardiomyopathy
46
Your heart is too stiff for too weak to properly pump blood throughout your body
Congestive heart failure
47
Plaque build up that leads to narrow coronary arteries
Coronary artery disease
48
Blood sugar is higher than it should be
Diabetes
49
A sudden coronary artery blockage that cuts off oxygen to part of your heart muscle. No enough blood flow in the heart
Heart attack
50
A valve in your heart isn't working right
Heart valve disease
51
Your blood is pushing too hard against your artery walls
High Bloor pressure
52
Your blood has too many fats in it
High cholesterol
53
Inflammation in your hearts lining (pericardium)
Pericarditis
54
– regulates osmotic pressure
Albumin
55
– help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured
Clotting proteins
56
– help protect the body from antigens
Antibodies
57
– red blood cells
Erythrocytes
58
white blood cells
Leukocytes –
59
cell fragments
Platelets –
60
A clot in an unbroken blood vessel
Can be deadly in areas like the heart
Thrombus
61
A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream
Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain
Embolus
62
Platelet deficiency
Even normal movements can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting
Thrombocytopenia
63
Hereditary bleeding disorder
Normal clotting factors are missing
Hemophilia
64
is a medical condition in which the blood supply to a part of the brain becomes cut off. T
Stroke
65
Type of arrhythmia that begin in your atria (your heart’s upper chambers). “Supraventricular” means above your ventricles or lower chambers of your heart.
Supraventricular arrhythmias:
66
These begin in your heart’s ventricles or lower chambers.
Ventricular arrhythmias:
67
These can happen because of issues in your heart’s conduction system, such as the sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node or His-Purkinje network.
Bradyarrhythmias and junctional rhythms:
68
, the tissues forming the valve leaflets become stiffer, narrowing the valve opening and reducing the amount of blood that can flow through it.
valvular stenosis
69
(or regurgitation, incompetence, "leaky valve"), happens when the leaflets don’t close completely, letting blood leak backward across the valve.
Valvular insufficiency
70
happens when a heart valve doesn’t form correctly before birth. This is usually diagnosed very early in infancy.
Valvular atresia
71
is plaque buildup in your leg arteries.
Peripheral artery disease (PAD)
72
Cessation of effective ventilation and circulation also known as cardiac arrest or circulatory arrest
Cardiopulmonary arrest
73
A little fleshy hanging structure at the back of the soft palate which hangs above at the back of the throat
Uvula
74
A group of organs that break down food into smaller components so that nutrients can be absorbed and assimilated
Digestive system
75
Main function of the digestive system include
Motility secretion digestion absorption
76
Stages of digestion
Ingestion, mixing and movement ,secretion, digestion absorption, transformation , excretion
77
Supported and protected by the bones of the pelvis and rib cage
Abdominal organs
78
The digestive tract begins at the
Lips and ends at the anus
79
Organs that makes one or more substances such as hormones digestive juices sweat tear saliva or milk
Glands
80
Accessory organs include
Salivary gland liver gallbladder pancreas
81
First mechanical process to which food is subjected
Chewing
82
It lubricates and moistens dry food
Saliva
83
Two fleshy folds that surround the mouth are composed externally of skin and internally of mucus membrane or mucosa
Lips
84
Is concave and is formed by the hard and soft palate
The roof of the mouth
85
Formed by the horizontal portions of the two palatine bones and the palatine portions of the maxillae or upper jaws
Hard palate
86
Composed of a strong thin fibrous sheet the palatine ape neurosis and the glass of palatine and pharyngo palatine muscles
Soft palate
87
Can be seen only when the tongue is raised
The floor of the mouth
88
Consists of mucous membranes connected by thick fibrous tissue to the membrane surrounding the bones of the jaw
Gums
89
Hard white structures found in the mouth
Teeth
90
A muscular organ located on the floor of the mouth is an extremely mobile structure and is an important accessory organ in such motor functions as speech chewing and swallowing
Tongue
91
Is the passageway leading from the mouth and nose to the esophagus and larynx
Pharynx or throat
92
Which passes food from the pharynx to the stomach
Esophagus
93
Has three layers of muscle and outer longitudinal layer a middle circular layer and an inner oblique layer
Stomach
94
Not only the largest gland in the body but also the most complex in function
Liver
95
Carry out many metabolic functions including the production of bile
Hepatocytes
96
Line the liver vascular system and play a role in blood formation and the destruction of cellular debris
Kupffer Cells
97
Gallbladder, bile ducts
Biliary tract
98
Long narrow gland that is situated transversely across the upper abdomen behind the stomach and the spleen
Pancreas
99
Three types of islet cells
Alpha or A, beta or B, delta or D
100
Cells granules that contain only glucagon whose release lead to the breakdown of glycogen in the liver and elevation of the level of blood glucose
Alpha
101
Celebranules contain insulin whose effects are the opposite of glucagon
Beta cell
102
Cell granules contain somatostatin whose effects inhibit the release of glucagon and insulin
Delta cell
103
Where most of the digestive process occurs which channels water do the lymphatic system and nutrients to the circulatory system
Small intestine
104
Or colon serves as a reservoir for the liquids emptied into it from the small intestine
Large intestine
105
The large intestine can be divided into the
Secum, ascending colon , transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon
106
First part of the large intestine is a sack with a close end that occupies the right iliac fossa the hollow of the inner side of the ilium
Cecum
107
It stands up from the cecum at the level of the ilusical valve to the bend in the colon called the hepatic flexure
Ascending colon
108
Variable in position depending largely on the distinction of the stomach but usually is located in the sub coastal plane
Transverse colon
109
Passes down and in front of the left kidney and the left side of the posterior abdominal wall to the iliac crest
Descending colon
110
Commonly divided into iliac and pelvic parts
Sigmoid colon
111
Which is a continuation of the sigmoid colon begins in front of the mid sacrum
Rectum
112
Most commonly caused by waste or stool that forms after food digestion moves too slowly through the digestive tract
Constipation
113
Treatment for constipation
Laxatives and stools openers or enema
114
Inflammation of the stomach and intestines
Gastroenteritis or stomach flu
115
Two conditions that occur when digestive juices and acids in the stomach flow up into the esophagus
Acid reflux and gastroesophageal reflux disease ( GERD )
116
Treatment for GERD
Histamine -2 receptor antagonist commonly called H2 blockers
Proton pump inhibitors ( PPI)
SURGERY
117
Stones formed when cholesterol deposits harden in the gallbladder an organ that stores and concentrates bile to aid in fat digestion
Gallstones
118
Digestive disorder caused by the consumption of gluten
Celiac disease
119
Type of inflammatory bowel disease ( IBD )
Crohn's disease
120
Chronic disease that causes inflammation and ulcers or sores on the large intestine lining
Ulcerative colitis ( UC )
121
Treatments for UC
Corticosteroids
immunomodulators and biological therapies
122
Characterized by small pouches that protrude from weak spots in the large intestine or colon
Diverticulitis
123
An ulcer is a sore on the lining of the stomach esophagus or small intestine
Peptic ulcers
124
Develop due to swollen veins in the lower rectum
Hemorrhoids
125
A tumor in the gi track can form as a result of a change in the dna that causes abnormal cells to grow
Gastrointestinal cancer
