Anatomy Flashcards
What is extension
This is where you straighten or extend a limb
What is flexsion
This is where a limb flexes and decreases an angle
What is abduction
This is the sideways movement away from the middle of your body
What is Adduction
This is where you move your limbs back to the centre of your body from the side
What is circumduction/roatation
This is the circular movement around the joint
What are hinge joints and where are they located
They work like a hinge on a door and can bend to allow flexion and extension. Examples are knee and elbow joint
what movement do Ball and socket joints allow
They allow the most moveable joints in the body they allow movement to all directions. Example shoulder and hip joints
What are synovial joints
They are joints which are freely moveable joint. The bones at these joints are covered by the cartilage called articular cartilage
What are the parts of the knee joints.
- Hinge
- Femur and tibia
- Flexion, extension
What type of joint is the elbow
- Hinge
- Ulna,raidius and humerus
- Flexion extension
What type of joint is the shoulder
- Ball and socket
- Humerus, scapular
- All movement
What type of joint is the hip joint.
- Femur, pelvis
- All movement
- Ball and socket
What is cartilage
This is a shock absorber when you are moving
And prevents bones rubbing
What do tendons do
The attack muscles to bone they are strong and help transmit power
What and where are the leavers in the body
There are 3 leavers in the body remember 123 FLE. They are located in the arm, ankle and neck.
What are the three parts of a lever
Fulcrum, Load, effort
What is mechanical advantage
The function of levers to make a small force amount to much larger force. For this the effort arm need to be shorter than lord are
What type of lever is the neck
It’s a class 1 lever
.The Load is the head
.The effort are the neck muscles
. Fulcrum is the neck joint
What type of lever is the ankle
This a class 2
. Load is body weight
. Fulcrum ankle joint
. Effort are calf muscles
What type of lever is the elbow
This is class three
. Effort is bicep
. Fulcrum elbow joint
. Load is what ever you are holding
This has mechanical advantage
How do you increase mechanical advantage
The length of the effort arm can be increased by sporting implements such as rackets bags and oars
What is mechanical disadvantage
Where the resistance arm is longer than the effort
Why are there planes
There are planes because not all movement in the body is up and down most of the time it is in different directions especially in sport
What is the sagittal plane
A vertical plane that goes down the middle of the chest. TWEEN TITTES
Movement that occurs here is flexion and extension
What is the frontal plane
This is a vertical plane that splits from bum and face movement here is adduction and abduction
What is the transverse plane
This splits the top and bottom of the body and movement that occurs here is rotational
What are the point of axis
All movement occurs around axis
Longitudinal axis
The longitudinal axis runs through the body from head to feet a sporting example is a pirouette
What is a transverse axis
The transverse axis runs through the body from left to wright for example a somersault
What is the frontal axis
The frontal axis runs through your tummy a kart wheel is a sporting example
What are antagonists pairs
As muscles can only pull muscles work together to allow movement these pairs of muscles are called antagonists pairs
What are the two antagonist pairs in the body
Bicep, Tricep
Hamstring, quadricep
Only flexion and extension occur here
What is the function of the respiratory system
To get oxygen to muscles and cells and to remove waste product from the body
What are the percentages of air inhaled
20 per cent oxygen
79 per cent nitrogen
0.5 carbon dioxide
0.04 other
What percentage of oxygen is blown out
4 per cent
How is air filtered
Via mucus and nasal hairs
What happens to air before entering the body
The air is warmed so it is closer to the body temperature
What is the pathway of air
Nasal passage
Pharynx and larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Then to the alveoli where gaseous exchange occurs
What are the alveoli responsible for
These are responsible for gaseous exchange
How does gaseous exchange occur
.Air moves in and out alveoli
.It goes through alveoli walls and into capillaries
. From here goes through the windpipe and out your nasal passage
.blood is carried away to body cells
. The co2 passes through the capillary walls
. Blood carries waste to alveoli
. Blood transported
How does the diaphragm work
When you inhale the diaphragm contracts and flattens and Chris cavity enlarges this creates a vacuum which pulls air into lungs
What two muscles aid respiration
Intercostal
Diaphragm
What is tidal volume
The volume of air inspired or expired per breath. This increases during exercise
What is breathing rate
Number of breaths per minute. Typically 12-20
What is minute ventilation
The amount of air a person breaths out in a minute
What is vital capacity
Amount you can breath in vs amount you can breath out
What is aerobic respiration
This is respiration with oxygen. Glucose+ oxygen——> energy+ co2+ water
What is Anaerobic respiration
This is respiration with out oxygen glucose —-> energy+ lactic acid
What are the two parts of the double circulatory system
Pulmonary circulation
Systemic circulation
What is pulmonary circulation
This is blood flow between between the heart and the lungs. The pulmonary artery take the blood to the lungs where it’s oxygenated
What is systemic circulation
This is blood flow from the heart to the rest of the body excluding lungs and then back to the heart
What are arteries and their properties
They are blood vessels
They carry oxygenated blood
Away from heart
High pressure
And have thick muscles
What are veins and their properties
They carry de-oxygenated blood
Back to the heart
Under low pressure
They have valves to prevent back flow
What are capillaries and their properties
Small blood vessels That link veins and arteries
Diffusion take place here
Under no pressure
One cell thick
what is vascular shunt
a process that increases blood flow to active areas during exercise by diverting blood away from inactive areas this is achieved by vasoconstriction and vasodilation
what is vaso construction
this is the narrowing of the internal diameter of a blood vessel to increase blood flow
what is vasodilation
this is the widening of blood vessels
what do red blood cells contain
they contain haemoglobin which bonds with oxygen to create oxyhaemoglobin which carries oxygen to the working muscles
what are the two stages of each heart beat
diastole ( relaxing and filling up)
systole( contracting and emptying the heart)
what is heart rate
the number of times your heart beats per minute
what is stroke volume
the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat
cardiac output
the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per minute
what is the equation for cardiac output
cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume
what is the equation for aerobic respiration
glucose + oxygen —->carbon dioxide+ water
GOWEC
what is the equation for anaerobic respiration
glucose—-> energy + lactic acid
GEL
what is anticipatory rise
this is where your heart rate increases due to an increase in adrenaline
what are the short term effects on the respiratory system
heart rate increases
stroke volume increases
cardiac output increases
redistribution of blood flow
breathing rate increases
tidal volume increases
minute ventilation increases
muscle temp increases
lactic acid production increases
what three short term affects of exercisewhen there is a increasesed oxygen supply to your working muscles
heart rate
stroke volume
cardiac output
which short term affect of exercise maximises oxygen supply
redistribution of blood flow
what are the short term effects of excersise on the respitory system
breathing rate
tidal volume
minute ventilation
which short term effect makes muscles more flexible
increase body temperature alows you to be much more flexible
what short term affect of exercise causes muscles to fatigue
lactic acid production increases
if no lactic acid is produced it allows you to play at your best throughout a match
what are the long term effects on the muscular system
increased muscle hypertrophy (weight lifter)
increase strength of muscles (100m meter runner)
increased muscular endurance (marathon runner)
increased resistance to fatigue
what are the long term effects on the cardiovascular system
cardiac hypertrophy
increase stroke volume
decreased hart rate
increased maximum cardiac output
increased recovery rate
increased capillarisation (more capillaries)
what are the long term effect of exercise on the respiratory system
increased strength of respiratory muscles
increased tidal volume
increased minute ventilation
increased aerobic capacity
what are the long term effects of exercise o the skeletal system
increased bone density ( due to increased calcium deposits)
what is the pathway of blood in the body
vena cava
right atrium
tricuspid valves
right ventricle
semilunar valves
pulmonary artery
pulmonary vein
left atrium
bicuspid valves
left ventricle
aorta
body
what are the bones in the body
cranium=skull
clavicle= collarbone
scapular=shoulder blade
humorous= first arm bone
ribs
ulna and radius= forearm bones
sternum= central chest bone
vertebrae= back bones
pelvis = hips
carpals= main hand bones
metacarpals= like knuckles
phalanges= fingers
femur= upper leg bone
patella= knee cap
tibia and fibula= lower leg
tarsals = main foot bone
metatarsal = toe joints
toes= phalanges
what are all the muscles in the body
deltoids = shoulders
pectoralis =chest
biceps
triceps
abdominals
qaudricpes
trapezius= beck to neck muscles
latissimus dorsi = lats
glutes = bum
hamstrings
gastrocnemius = calves
