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P.E > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is extension

A

This is where you straighten or extend a limb

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2
Q

What is flexsion

A

This is where a limb flexes and decreases an angle

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3
Q

What is abduction

A

This is the sideways movement away from the middle of your body

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4
Q

What is Adduction

A

This is where you move your limbs back to the centre of your body from the side

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5
Q

What is circumduction/roatation

A

This is the circular movement around the joint

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6
Q

What are hinge joints and where are they located

A

They work like a hinge on a door and can bend to allow flexion and extension. Examples are knee and elbow joint

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7
Q

what movement do Ball and socket joints allow

A

They allow the most moveable joints in the body they allow movement to all directions. Example shoulder and hip joints

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8
Q

What are synovial joints

A

They are joints which are freely moveable joint. The bones at these joints are covered by the cartilage called articular cartilage

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9
Q

What are the parts of the knee joints.

A
  1. Hinge
  2. Femur and tibia
  3. Flexion, extension
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10
Q

What type of joint is the elbow

A
  1. Hinge
  2. Ulna,raidius and humerus
  3. Flexion extension
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11
Q

What type of joint is the shoulder

A
  1. Ball and socket
  2. Humerus, scapular
  3. All movement
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12
Q

What type of joint is the hip joint.

A
  1. Femur, pelvis
  2. All movement
  3. Ball and socket
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13
Q

What is cartilage

A

This is a shock absorber when you are moving

And prevents bones rubbing

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14
Q

What do tendons do

A

The attack muscles to bone they are strong and help transmit power

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15
Q

What and where are the leavers in the body

A

There are 3 leavers in the body remember 123 FLE. They are located in the arm, ankle and neck.

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16
Q

What are the three parts of a lever

A

Fulcrum, Load, effort

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17
Q

What is mechanical advantage

A

The function of levers to make a small force amount to much larger force. For this the effort arm need to be shorter than lord are

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18
Q

What type of lever is the neck

A

It’s a class 1 lever
.The Load is the head
.The effort are the neck muscles
. Fulcrum is the neck joint

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19
Q

What type of lever is the ankle

A

This a class 2
. Load is body weight
. Fulcrum ankle joint
. Effort are calf muscles

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20
Q

What type of lever is the elbow

A

This is class three
. Effort is bicep
. Fulcrum elbow joint
. Load is what ever you are holding
This has mechanical advantage

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21
Q

How do you increase mechanical advantage

A

The length of the effort arm can be increased by sporting implements such as rackets bags and oars

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22
Q

What is mechanical disadvantage

A

Where the resistance arm is longer than the effort

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23
Q

Why are there planes

A

There are planes because not all movement in the body is up and down most of the time it is in different directions especially in sport

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24
Q

What is the sagittal plane

A

A vertical plane that goes down the middle of the chest. TWEEN TITTES
Movement that occurs here is flexion and extension

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25
Q

What is the frontal plane

A

This is a vertical plane that splits from bum and face movement here is adduction and abduction

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26
Q

What is the transverse plane

A

This splits the top and bottom of the body and movement that occurs here is rotational

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27
Q

What are the point of axis

A

All movement occurs around axis

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28
Q

Longitudinal axis

A

The longitudinal axis runs through the body from head to feet a sporting example is a pirouette

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29
Q

What is a transverse axis

A

The transverse axis runs through the body from left to wright for example a somersault

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30
Q

What is the frontal axis

A

The frontal axis runs through your tummy a kart wheel is a sporting example

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31
Q

What are antagonists pairs

A

As muscles can only pull muscles work together to allow movement these pairs of muscles are called antagonists pairs

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32
Q

What are the two antagonist pairs in the body

A

Bicep, Tricep
Hamstring, quadricep
Only flexion and extension occur here

33
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system

A

To get oxygen to muscles and cells and to remove waste product from the body

34
Q

What are the percentages of air inhaled

A

20 per cent oxygen
79 per cent nitrogen
0.5 carbon dioxide
0.04 other

35
Q

What percentage of oxygen is blown out

A

4 per cent

36
Q

How is air filtered

A

Via mucus and nasal hairs

37
Q

What happens to air before entering the body

A

The air is warmed so it is closer to the body temperature

38
Q

What is the pathway of air

A

Nasal passage
Pharynx and larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Then to the alveoli where gaseous exchange occurs

39
Q

What are the alveoli responsible for

A

These are responsible for gaseous exchange

40
Q

How does gaseous exchange occur

A

.Air moves in and out alveoli
.It goes through alveoli walls and into capillaries
. From here goes through the windpipe and out your nasal passage
.blood is carried away to body cells
. The co2 passes through the capillary walls
. Blood carries waste to alveoli
. Blood transported

41
Q

How does the diaphragm work

A

When you inhale the diaphragm contracts and flattens and Chris cavity enlarges this creates a vacuum which pulls air into lungs

42
Q

What two muscles aid respiration

A

Intercostal
Diaphragm

43
Q

What is tidal volume

A

The volume of air inspired or expired per breath. This increases during exercise

44
Q

What is breathing rate

A

Number of breaths per minute. Typically 12-20

45
Q

What is minute ventilation

A

The amount of air a person breaths out in a minute

46
Q

What is vital capacity

A

Amount you can breath in vs amount you can breath out

47
Q

What is aerobic respiration

A

This is respiration with oxygen. Glucose+ oxygen——> energy+ co2+ water

48
Q

What is Anaerobic respiration

A

This is respiration with out oxygen glucose —-> energy+ lactic acid

49
Q

What are the two parts of the double circulatory system

A

Pulmonary circulation
Systemic circulation

50
Q

What is pulmonary circulation

A

This is blood flow between between the heart and the lungs. The pulmonary artery take the blood to the lungs where it’s oxygenated

51
Q

What is systemic circulation

A

This is blood flow from the heart to the rest of the body excluding lungs and then back to the heart

52
Q

What are arteries and their properties

A

They are blood vessels
They carry oxygenated blood
Away from heart
High pressure
And have thick muscles

53
Q

What are veins and their properties

A

They carry de-oxygenated blood
Back to the heart
Under low pressure
They have valves to prevent back flow

54
Q

What are capillaries and their properties

A

Small blood vessels That link veins and arteries
Diffusion take place here
Under no pressure
One cell thick

55
Q

what is vascular shunt

A

a process that increases blood flow to active areas during exercise by diverting blood away from inactive areas this is achieved by vasoconstriction and vasodilation

56
Q

what is vaso construction

A

this is the narrowing of the internal diameter of a blood vessel to increase blood flow

57
Q

what is vasodilation

A

this is the widening of blood vessels

58
Q

what do red blood cells contain

A

they contain haemoglobin which bonds with oxygen to create oxyhaemoglobin which carries oxygen to the working muscles

59
Q

what are the two stages of each heart beat

A

diastole ( relaxing and filling up)
systole( contracting and emptying the heart)

60
Q

what is heart rate

A

the number of times your heart beats per minute

61
Q

what is stroke volume

A

the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat

62
Q

cardiac output

A

the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per minute

63
Q

what is the equation for cardiac output

A

cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume

64
Q

what is the equation for aerobic respiration

A

glucose + oxygen —->carbon dioxide+ water

GOWEC

65
Q

what is the equation for anaerobic respiration

A

glucose—-> energy + lactic acid

GEL

66
Q

what is anticipatory rise

A

this is where your heart rate increases due to an increase in adrenaline

67
Q

what are the short term effects on the respiratory system

A

heart rate increases
stroke volume increases
cardiac output increases
redistribution of blood flow
breathing rate increases
tidal volume increases
minute ventilation increases
muscle temp increases
lactic acid production increases

68
Q

what three short term affects of exercisewhen there is a increasesed oxygen supply to your working muscles

A

heart rate
stroke volume
cardiac output

69
Q

which short term affect of exercise maximises oxygen supply

A

redistribution of blood flow

70
Q

what are the short term effects of excersise on the respitory system

A

breathing rate
tidal volume
minute ventilation

71
Q

which short term effect makes muscles more flexible

A

increase body temperature alows you to be much more flexible

72
Q

what short term affect of exercise causes muscles to fatigue

A

lactic acid production increases

if no lactic acid is produced it allows you to play at your best throughout a match

73
Q

what are the long term effects on the muscular system

A

increased muscle hypertrophy (weight lifter)
increase strength of muscles (100m meter runner)
increased muscular endurance (marathon runner)
increased resistance to fatigue

74
Q

what are the long term effects on the cardiovascular system

A

cardiac hypertrophy
increase stroke volume
decreased hart rate
increased maximum cardiac output
increased recovery rate
increased capillarisation (more capillaries)

75
Q

what are the long term effect of exercise on the respiratory system

A

increased strength of respiratory muscles
increased tidal volume
increased minute ventilation
increased aerobic capacity

76
Q

what are the long term effects of exercise o the skeletal system

A

increased bone density ( due to increased calcium deposits)

77
Q

what is the pathway of blood in the body

A

vena cava
right atrium
tricuspid valves
right ventricle
semilunar valves
pulmonary artery
pulmonary vein
left atrium
bicuspid valves
left ventricle
aorta
body

78
Q

what are the bones in the body

A

cranium=skull
clavicle= collarbone
scapular=shoulder blade
humorous= first arm bone
ribs
ulna and radius= forearm bones
sternum= central chest bone
vertebrae= back bones
pelvis = hips
carpals= main hand bones
metacarpals= like knuckles
phalanges= fingers
femur= upper leg bone
patella= knee cap
tibia and fibula= lower leg
tarsals = main foot bone
metatarsal = toe joints
toes= phalanges

79
Q

what are all the muscles in the body

A

deltoids = shoulders
pectoralis =chest
biceps
triceps
abdominals
qaudricpes
trapezius= beck to neck muscles
latissimus dorsi = lats
glutes = bum
hamstrings
gastrocnemius = calves

P.E (3 decks)

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