Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
Order of Abdominal Wall Muscles
A
External Oblique
Internal Oblqiue
Transversus Abdominis
2
Q
Upper Middle Region
A
Epigastric
3
Q
Middle Middle Region
A
Umbilical
4
Q
Lower Middle Region
A
Pubic
5
Q
Upper Right/Left Region
A
Right/Left Hypochondrium
6
Q
Middle Right/Left Regions
A
Right/Left Flank
7
Q
Lower Right/Left Region
A
Right/Left Groin
8
Q
Planes Dividing into R/M/L Regions
A
Midclavicular
9
Q
Planes Dividing into U/M/L
A
Subcostal and Intertubercular
10
Q
Nerves to Abdominal Muscles
A
Anterior Rami of Thoracic Spinal Nerves
11
Q
External Oblique Fibre Direction
A
Inferomedial “hands in pockets”
12
Q
Internal Oblique FIbre Direction
A
Inferolateral
13
Q
External Oblqiue movement
A
Flex Trunk
Turn to OPPOSITE side
14
Q
Internal Oblqiue Movmeent
A
Flex trunk
Turn to SAME side
15
Q
Linea Alba
A
Line where left and right aponeuroses of abdominal muscles meet
16
Q
Transversus Abdominis Fibre Direction
A
Transverse / Horizontal
17
Q
Rectus Abdominis is ___________ in the upper 3/4
A
Fully surrounded by all Abdominal wall muscles
18
Q
Rectus Abdominis is __________ in the lower 1/4
A
Only covered by the front
Meaning behind is the transversalis fascia and periotneum
19
Q
When does the posterior aponeuroses end, meaning rect ab is only covered in front
A
Arcuate Line
20
Q
Arterial Supply to Abdominal Wall Muscles
A
Superior Epigasric and Inferior Epigastric (anastomose together)
21
Q
Where do sup/inf epigastric arteries run
A
Within the Rectus sheath, underneath Rectus abdominis
22
Q
Why is there an arcuate line / end of posterior aponeurose
A
So that the epigastric arteries can get back to the desired plane without penetrating the aponeurose
23
Q
Venous Drainage Upper Abdominal Wall
A
Axillary Vein
24
Q
Venous Drainage Lower Half Abdominal Wall
A
Femoral Vein
25
Where are nerves and veins found abdominal wall
Neurovascular Plane - between int Oblqiue and trans abd
26
Nerve Supply Abdominal Wall
Intercostal nerves (lateral and anterior branches) 7-12
27
Superficial Lympathic Drainage Abdominal Wall
Upper half = Axillary Nodes
Lower half = Superifical Inguinal Nodes
28
_______ Periotoneum forms _____ by folding back on itself
Visceral, Mesentery
29
Parietal Peritoneum sense
pain touch temp etc = somatic nerves
30
Visceral Perioneum senses
Stretch = autonomic nerves
31
Midgut and hindgut are suspended by _____ mesentery
One (dorsal)
32
Foregut is suspended by ______ mensnetry
Both ventral and dorsal
33
Intraperitoneal =
Suspended by mesentery = mobile
34
Retroperitoneal =
Stuck to back wall, only partial visceral peritoneal cover as no mesentery
35
Why do we have some retroperitoneal structures
To ensure that when mobile not all gut structures just fly around as there are attachments
36
All the Retroperitoneal Structures
Distal Duodenum
Ascending Colon
Descending Colon
Rectum
37
All the Intraperitoneal Structures
Stomach
Proximal Duodenum
Jejunum
Ilium
Transverse Colon
Sigmoid Colon
38
Name of mesentery for transverse colon
Transverse Mesocolon
39
Name of mesentery for Sigmoid Colon
Sigmoid Mesocolon
40
Name of mesentery for small bowel and stomach
Just called mesentery
41
Lesser Sac
Behind the lesser omentum and stomach
42
Greater sac
Peritoneal cavity except the lesser sac
43
Omental Foramen
Connection between lesser and greater sacs (contains important things eg portal triad)
44
Paracolic Gutter
Path for peritoneal fluid to move around abdomen
45
Foregut Structures
Pharynx -> Proximal 1/2 Duodenum
- Incl, Pancreas, Liver, Biliary Tree (Spleen)
46
Midgut Structures
Distal 1/2 Duodenum -> Proximal 2/3 Transverse Colon
47
Hindhut Strcutreus
Distal 1/3 Transverse Colon -> Proximal 2/3 Anal Canal
48
What is lateral folding
Ectoderm and Mesoderm folding laterally and centrally = closes off the endoderm as a seperated tube
49
Endoderm Becomes
Epithelial lining of gut tube
50
Mesoderm becomes
Supporting structures and smooth muscle
51
Space between mesoderm becomes
Body cavity
52
Longitudinal Folding is
Folding head to toe, dividing into foregut and hindgut
53
Foregut supply
Celiac Trunk
54
Midgut Supply
Superior Mesenteric
55
Hindgut Supply
Inferior Mesenteric
56
Celiac Trunk branches at
T12
57
SMA branches at
L1
58
IMA branches at
L3
59
Membranes of the gut tube
Cranial - Oropharyngeal
Caudal - Anal
They rupture soon after formation lol
60
What fills the lumen for a little bit during embryo development
Epithelium
61
Oesophageal Atresia
Blockage
62
Oesophageal Fistula
Connection (eg oesophagus and trachea)
63
How does the stomach form
Dilation
Rotation on long and coronal axes
64
Greater Omentum formation
Posterior mesogastrium dragged round = ant and post fuse = 4 layered peritoneal structure
65
What is the greater omentum
4 layered fused peritoneum that covers the stomach and intestines then wraps back around (ie bag containing stomach and intestines)
66
Congenital Pyloric Stenosis
Thickening of muscular wall pylorus = blocks exit of stomach contents = non-bilious vomiting
67
Hepatic Diverticulum is the precursor for
Liver - Larger part, cranial
Biliary Appartus - Smaller part, caudal
68
Larger bud of embryonic pancreas
Dorsal
69
What is Lesser Omentum
Peritoneum between liver and stomach
70
What is Falciform Ligament
Connects liver to abdominal wall peritoneum
71
What happens if pancreatic ducts dont fuse
Main duct going through minor papilla = blockage = pancreatic enzymes autodigest pancreas, and less enzymes in small int = less digestion
72
Midgut Shape
U (but upside down so should really be n lol)
73
What does the midgut do during embryonic dev
LOTS!! Of rotation
Herniation to migrate into umbilical cord
74
Fistula
Gut herniates through weekend region of body wall = gut outside of body
75
Ileal Diverticulm
Basically an ileal appendix where things can get stuck
76
Urorectal Septum
Seperates rectum and urogenital sinus
77
Pectinate Line
Boundary between outer ectoderm and inner endoderm (ie end of hindgut).
In the anal canal
78
Megacolon
No nervous control in gut = can’t dilate = can’t defecate
V serious
79
Imperforated Anus
Anal membrane doesn’t perforate = can’t defecate
Easy surgery
80
Rectal Atresia
Anal canal and rectum not connected
Normally rectum connects to urinary system instead = bad
81
Foregut Referred Pain
Epigastric
82
Foregut Venous Drainage
Direct to Portal Vein (NO SUCH THING AS COELIAC VEIN)
83
Oesophagus enters stomach at
Costal cartilage of Rib 7/8
84
Fundus of stomach at
Rib 5/6
85
Generally, if left of the midline what branch of the coeliac trunk will be involved
Splenic
86
Generally, if right of the midline what branch of the coeliac trunk
Common Hepatic
87
Blood supply lesser curvature
Left Gastric (Coeliac -> )
Right Gastric (Coeliac -> Com Hepatic -> )
88
Blood supply greater curvature
Left Gastro-omental (Coeliac -> Splenic -> )
Right Gastro-omental (Coelaic -> Com Hep -> Gastroduodenal -> )
89
Blood Supply Fundus
Short Gastric (Coeliac -> Splenic -> )
90
Duodenal Shape
G
91
1st part of duodenum
Trans-pyloric plane
92
2nd Part Duodenum
Wraps head of pancreas
93
3rd Part Duodenum
Crosses over IVC and Aorta
94
4th part Duodenum
Duodenojejunal Flexure
95
Duodenum Parts Intraperitoneal
1st
96
Duodenum Parts Retroperitoneal
2nd 3rd 4th
97
Foregut Duodenal Blood Supply
Superior Pancreaticoduodenal (Coelaic -> Com Hep -> Gastroduodenal ->)
98
Midgut Duodenal Blood Supply
Inferior Pancreaticoduondeal (SMA branch)
99
Midgut Referred Pain
Umbilical
100
Identifying Jejunum vs Ilium
Jejunum: 1-2 arterial arcades with long branches
Ileum: Many arcades with short branches
101
Jejunum Artery Supply
Jejunum Arteries (via SMA)
102
Ilium Blood Supply
Ileal (via SMA)
103
Hepatic Flexure
Retro -> Infra
104
Ascending Colon to Transverse Colon name
Hepatic Flexure
105
Splenic Flexure
Infra -> Retro
106
Transverse to Descedning COlon name
Splenic Flexure
107
Midgut to Hindgut Transition
2/3 Along Transverse Colon
108
Caecum Blood Supply
Caecal (SMA -> Ileocolic -> )
109
Appendix Blood Supply
Appendicular (SMA -> Ileocolic -> )
110
Ascending Colon Blood Supply
Right Colic (SMA)
111
Proximal 2/3 Transverse Colon Blood Supply
Middle Colic (SMA)
Marginal Artery
112
Distal 1/3 Transverse Colon Blood Supply
Left Colic (IMA)
Marginal Artery
113
What is the marginal aretry
Anastomosis between SMA and IMA
114
Descending Colon Blood Supply
Left Colic (IMA)
115
Sigmoid Colon Blood Supply
Sigmoid (IMA)
116
Sigmoid Colon transition to rectum at
S3
117
Rectum becomes anal canal when
Pierces pelvic floor/diaphragm at tip of coccyx
118
Rectum Blood Supply
Superior Rectal (IMA)
Middle/Inferior Rectal (Internal Iliac) = NOT TO PORTAL VEIN
119
Proximal Rectum Supply Nervous
Inf Mesenteric Plexus (ANS)
120
Distal Rectum Nervous Supply
Hypogastric Plexus = Somatic not Autonomic therefore can feel anus
121
Portal Vein formed at
L1 on Transpyloric plane
122
Portal Vein direct constitutents
SMV and Splenic Vein
123
IMV goes to Portal Vein via
Splenic
124
Hindgut Referred Pain
Suprapubic
125
Hindgut Parasympathetic Supply
Pelvic Splanchnic S2-4
126
Foregut Parasympathetic Supply
Vagus
127
Midgut Parasympathetic Supply
Vagus
128
Foregut Sympethic Supply
Greater Splanchnic T5-9
129
Midgut Sympaethic Supply
Lesser Splanchnic T10-11
130
Hindgut Sympathetic
Lumbar/Sacral Splanchnic L1-2
131
Liver Blood Supply (incl proportions)
Portal Vein 3/4
Hepatic Artery 1/4
132
Gallbladder Surface Anatomy Level
Transpyloric Plane at 9th costal cartilage
133
Largest anatomical liver lobe
Right
134
What divides right and left anatomical liver lobe
Falciform ligament
135
What is Ligamentum teres
Part of falciform ligament (inferior)
136
Posterior Surface Liver Lobes
Left, right, caudate, quadrate
137
Caudate and right lobe separator
IVC
138
Quadrate and right lobe separator
Gall Bladder
139
Portal Triad Positions
Hepatic Artery = Ant Left
Bile Duct = Ant Right
Portal Vein = Post
140
Do Hepatic Veins exist
Yes, but only inside the liver -> direct drainage to the IVC
141
Anterior and Posterior Coronary Ligaments organ
Liver
142
Left and right triangular ligaments organ
Liver (post and ant surfaces)
143
Suprahepatic Space
Between liver and diaphragm
144
What seperates L and R Suprahepatic space
left and right separated by falciform ligament
145
Subhepatic Space
Between liver and kidney
146
Dependent part
Lowest point (where fluid gathers)
Changes depending on if body erect, supine etc
147
When does common hepatic artery become proper hepatic artery
Once gastroduodenal artery given off
148
Anatomical definition of liver segment
Position of hepatic and portal veins
149
Physiological defintiion of liver segment
Own branch of portal triad
150
Do liver halves have blood supply communication
- No arterial / portal vein communication
- Some mixing of venous drainage communication
151
Principal Plane
Line between the IVC and gallbladder that seperates the liver into left and right PHYSIOLOGICAL LOBES
152
Why are the anatomical and physiological liver halve definitions different
Physiological - divided by principal plane (gall bladder IVC)
Anatomical - divided by falciform ligament
153
Which organ has the most lymph in the body
Liver (1/3-1/2 of total)
154
Gallbladder Regions
Fundus, body, neck
155
Biliary Tree
Cystic Duct (Gallbladder) + Common Hepatic Duct (Liver) —-> Common Bile Duct
Common Bile Duct + Pancreatic Duct —-> Ampulla of Vater —-> Sphincter of Oddi —-> Duodenum
156
Gall Bladder Blood Supply
Cystic Artery (from R Hepatic Artery)
157
Cystic Artery found in
Hepatobiliary Triangle
158
Pancreas regions
head neck body tail
159
Pancreas Head location
Duodenum concavity (at L1)
160
Pancreas Uncinate Process location
Wraps behind SM vessels
161
Pancreas Neck location
Anterior to SM vessel origins
162
Pancreas Tail location
In contact with spleen hilum at the splenorenal lig
163
Pancreas retro/intraperitoneal
Retro
164
Accessory Ducts (pancreas) drain into
Minor Duodenal Papilla
165
Sphincterotomy
Remove sphinchter of Oddi
(Fine as sphinchter has no real function)
166
Pancreas Blood Supply Origins
Predominantly Coeliac
Accessory SMA
167
Head/neck of pancreas predominant blood supply
Superior Pancreaticoduodenal (Coeliac -> Com Hep -> Gastroduodenal -> )
168
Tail/body pancreas blood supply
Dorsal Pancreatic and Great Pancreatic (Coeliac -> Splenic -> )
169
Pancreas pain referral
Posterior Epigastric
170
What is the spleen
Single largest mass of lymphoid tissue, filters and recycles blood
171
What is anterior to the spleen
Colon Splenic Flexure (Ie where the colon goes trans -> descending and retro -> infra)
172
Spleen ligaments
Splenorenal
Gastrosplenic
173
Spleen Blood Supply
Splenic (Coeliac -> )
174
Spleen Surfaces
Diaphragmatic and Visceral
175
Spleen Areas
Gastric
Colic
Renal
176
What travels through the splenorenal ligament
Splenic Vessels
177
What travels through the gastrospelnic ligament
Short gastric vessels
178
Splenomegaly
Abnormally enlarged spleen (normally should be 1x3x5inch)
179
Why does the IMV join splenic vein before joining the portal vein
So that it doesnt cross the midline as a small vessel, safer to cross the bony midline when in a bigger, higher pressure vessel (splenic)
180
Venous Blood Flow in the Liver
Portal Vein -> R/L Portal Vein -> Sinusoids -> R/M/L Hepatic Vein -> IVC
181
What is portosystemic shunting
Hypertension in the portal system = forces blood into the systemic system
182
Where are the main shunts of portosystemic shunting
Lower Oesophagus
Umbilicus
Rectum/Anus
Causes varices in each region
183
Varices in the umbicilis is called
Caput medusae
