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MBChB221 Digestive > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Order of Abdominal Wall Muscles

A

External Oblique
Internal Oblqiue
Transversus Abdominis

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2
Q

Upper Middle Region

A

Epigastric

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3
Q

Middle Middle Region

A

Umbilical

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4
Q

Lower Middle Region

A

Pubic

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5
Q

Upper Right/Left Region

A

Right/Left Hypochondrium

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6
Q

Middle Right/Left Regions

A

Right/Left Flank

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7
Q

Lower Right/Left Region

A

Right/Left Groin

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8
Q

Planes Dividing into R/M/L Regions

A

Midclavicular

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9
Q

Planes Dividing into U/M/L

A

Subcostal and Intertubercular

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10
Q

Nerves to Abdominal Muscles

A

Anterior Rami of Thoracic Spinal Nerves

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11
Q

External Oblique Fibre Direction

A

Inferomedial “hands in pockets”

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12
Q

Internal Oblique FIbre Direction

A

Inferolateral

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13
Q

External Oblqiue movement

A

Flex Trunk
Turn to OPPOSITE side

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14
Q

Internal Oblqiue Movmeent

A

Flex trunk
Turn to SAME side

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15
Q

Linea Alba

A

Line where left and right aponeuroses of abdominal muscles meet

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16
Q

Transversus Abdominis Fibre Direction

A

Transverse / Horizontal

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17
Q

Rectus Abdominis is ___________ in the upper 3/4

A

Fully surrounded by all Abdominal wall muscles

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18
Q

Rectus Abdominis is __________ in the lower 1/4

A

Only covered by the front
Meaning behind is the transversalis fascia and periotneum

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19
Q

When does the posterior aponeuroses end, meaning rect ab is only covered in front

A

Arcuate Line

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20
Q

Arterial Supply to Abdominal Wall Muscles

A

Superior Epigasric and Inferior Epigastric (anastomose together)

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21
Q

Where do sup/inf epigastric arteries run

A

Within the Rectus sheath, underneath Rectus abdominis

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22
Q

Why is there an arcuate line / end of posterior aponeurose

A

So that the epigastric arteries can get back to the desired plane without penetrating the aponeurose

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23
Q

Venous Drainage Upper Abdominal Wall

A

Axillary Vein

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24
Q

Venous Drainage Lower Half Abdominal Wall

A

Femoral Vein

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25
Q

Where are nerves and veins found abdominal wall

A

Neurovascular Plane - between int Oblqiue and trans abd

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26
Q

Nerve Supply Abdominal Wall

A

Intercostal nerves (lateral and anterior branches) 7-12

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27
Q

Superficial Lympathic Drainage Abdominal Wall

A

Upper half = Axillary Nodes
Lower half = Superifical Inguinal Nodes

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28
Q

_______ Periotoneum forms _____ by folding back on itself

A

Visceral, Mesentery

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29
Q

Parietal Peritoneum sense

A

pain touch temp etc = somatic nerves

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30
Q

Visceral Perioneum senses

A

Stretch = autonomic nerves

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31
Q

Midgut and hindgut are suspended by _____ mesentery

A

One (dorsal)

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32
Q

Foregut is suspended by ______ mensnetry

A

Both ventral and dorsal

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33
Q

Intraperitoneal =

A

Suspended by mesentery = mobile

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34
Q

Retroperitoneal =

A

Stuck to back wall, only partial visceral peritoneal cover as no mesentery

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35
Q

Why do we have some retroperitoneal structures

A

To ensure that when mobile not all gut structures just fly around as there are attachments

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36
Q

All the Retroperitoneal Structures

A

Distal Duodenum

Ascending Colon

Descending Colon

Rectum

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37
Q

All the Intraperitoneal Structures

A

Stomach

Proximal Duodenum

Jejunum

Ilium

Transverse Colon

Sigmoid Colon

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38
Q

Name of mesentery for transverse colon

A

Transverse Mesocolon

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39
Q

Name of mesentery for Sigmoid Colon

A

Sigmoid Mesocolon

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40
Q

Name of mesentery for small bowel and stomach

A

Just called mesentery

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41
Q

Lesser Sac

A

Behind the lesser omentum and stomach

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42
Q

Greater sac

A

Peritoneal cavity except the lesser sac

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43
Q

Omental Foramen

A

Connection between lesser and greater sacs (contains important things eg portal triad)

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44
Q

Paracolic Gutter

A

Path for peritoneal fluid to move around abdomen

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45
Q

Foregut Structures

A

Pharynx -> Proximal 1/2 Duodenum

  • Incl, Pancreas, Liver, Biliary Tree (Spleen)
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46
Q

Midgut Structures

A

Distal 1/2 Duodenum -> Proximal 2/3 Transverse Colon

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47
Q

Hindhut Strcutreus

A

Distal 1/3 Transverse Colon -> Proximal 2/3 Anal Canal

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48
Q

What is lateral folding

A

Ectoderm and Mesoderm folding laterally and centrally = closes off the endoderm as a seperated tube

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49
Q

Endoderm Becomes

A

Epithelial lining of gut tube

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50
Q

Mesoderm becomes

A

Supporting structures and smooth muscle

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51
Q

Space between mesoderm becomes

A

Body cavity

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52
Q

Longitudinal Folding is

A

Folding head to toe, dividing into foregut and hindgut

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53
Q

Foregut supply

A

Celiac Trunk

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54
Q

Midgut Supply

A

Superior Mesenteric

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55
Q

Hindgut Supply

A

Inferior Mesenteric

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56
Q

Celiac Trunk branches at

A

T12

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57
Q

SMA branches at

A

L1

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58
Q

IMA branches at

A

L3

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59
Q

Membranes of the gut tube

A

Cranial - Oropharyngeal
Caudal - Anal

They rupture soon after formation lol

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60
Q

What fills the lumen for a little bit during embryo development

A

Epithelium

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61
Q

Oesophageal Atresia

A

Blockage

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62
Q

Oesophageal Fistula

A

Connection (eg oesophagus and trachea)

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63
Q

How does the stomach form

A

Dilation
Rotation on long and coronal axes

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64
Q

Greater Omentum formation

A

Posterior mesogastrium dragged round = ant and post fuse = 4 layered peritoneal structure

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65
Q

What is the greater omentum

A

4 layered fused peritoneum that covers the stomach and intestines then wraps back around (ie bag containing stomach and intestines)

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66
Q

Congenital Pyloric Stenosis

A

Thickening of muscular wall pylorus = blocks exit of stomach contents = non-bilious vomiting

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67
Q

Hepatic Diverticulum is the precursor for

A

Liver - Larger part, cranial
Biliary Appartus - Smaller part, caudal

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68
Q

Larger bud of embryonic pancreas

A

Dorsal

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69
Q

What is Lesser Omentum

A

Peritoneum between liver and stomach

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70
Q

What is Falciform Ligament

A

Connects liver to abdominal wall peritoneum

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71
Q

What happens if pancreatic ducts dont fuse

A

Main duct going through minor papilla = blockage = pancreatic enzymes autodigest pancreas, and less enzymes in small int = less digestion

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72
Q

Midgut Shape

A

U (but upside down so should really be n lol)

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73
Q

What does the midgut do during embryonic dev

A

LOTS!! Of rotation

Herniation to migrate into umbilical cord

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74
Q

Fistula

A

Gut herniates through weekend region of body wall = gut outside of body

75
Q

Ileal Diverticulm

A

Basically an ileal appendix where things can get stuck

76
Q

Urorectal Septum

A

Seperates rectum and urogenital sinus

77
Q

Pectinate Line

A

Boundary between outer ectoderm and inner endoderm (ie end of hindgut).

In the anal canal

78
Q

Megacolon

A

No nervous control in gut = can’t dilate = can’t defecate

V serious

79
Q

Imperforated Anus

A

Anal membrane doesn’t perforate = can’t defecate

Easy surgery

80
Q

Rectal Atresia

A

Anal canal and rectum not connected

Normally rectum connects to urinary system instead = bad

81
Q

Foregut Referred Pain

A

Epigastric

82
Q

Foregut Venous Drainage

A

Direct to Portal Vein (NO SUCH THING AS COELIAC VEIN)

83
Q

Oesophagus enters stomach at

A

Costal cartilage of Rib 7/8

84
Q

Fundus of stomach at

A

Rib 5/6

85
Q

Generally, if left of the midline what branch of the coeliac trunk will be involved

A

Splenic

86
Q

Generally, if right of the midline what branch of the coeliac trunk

A

Common Hepatic

87
Q

Blood supply lesser curvature

A

Left Gastric (Coeliac -> )
Right Gastric (Coeliac -> Com Hepatic -> )

88
Q

Blood supply greater curvature

A

Left Gastro-omental (Coeliac -> Splenic -> )
Right Gastro-omental (Coelaic -> Com Hep -> Gastroduodenal -> )

89
Q

Blood Supply Fundus

A

Short Gastric (Coeliac -> Splenic -> )

90
Q

Duodenal Shape

A

G

91
Q

1st part of duodenum

A

Trans-pyloric plane

92
Q

2nd Part Duodenum

A

Wraps head of pancreas

93
Q

3rd Part Duodenum

A

Crosses over IVC and Aorta

94
Q

4th part Duodenum

A

Duodenojejunal Flexure

95
Q

Duodenum Parts Intraperitoneal

A

1st

96
Q

Duodenum Parts Retroperitoneal

A

2nd 3rd 4th

97
Q

Foregut Duodenal Blood Supply

A

Superior Pancreaticoduodenal (Coelaic -> Com Hep -> Gastroduodenal ->)

98
Q

Midgut Duodenal Blood Supply

A

Inferior Pancreaticoduondeal (SMA branch)

99
Q

Midgut Referred Pain

A

Umbilical

100
Q

Identifying Jejunum vs Ilium

A

Jejunum: 1-2 arterial arcades with long branches
Ileum: Many arcades with short branches

101
Q

Jejunum Artery Supply

A

Jejunum Arteries (via SMA)

102
Q

Ilium Blood Supply

A

Ileal (via SMA)

103
Q

Hepatic Flexure

A

Retro -> Infra

104
Q

Ascending Colon to Transverse Colon name

A

Hepatic Flexure

105
Q

Splenic Flexure

A

Infra -> Retro

106
Q

Transverse to Descedning COlon name

A

Splenic Flexure

107
Q

Midgut to Hindgut Transition

A

2/3 Along Transverse Colon

108
Q

Caecum Blood Supply

A

Caecal (SMA -> Ileocolic -> )

109
Q

Appendix Blood Supply

A

Appendicular (SMA -> Ileocolic -> )

110
Q

Ascending Colon Blood Supply

A

Right Colic (SMA)

111
Q

Proximal 2/3 Transverse Colon Blood Supply

A

Middle Colic (SMA)

Marginal Artery

112
Q

Distal 1/3 Transverse Colon Blood Supply

A

Left Colic (IMA)

Marginal Artery

113
Q

What is the marginal aretry

A

Anastomosis between SMA and IMA

114
Q

Descending Colon Blood Supply

A

Left Colic (IMA)

115
Q

Sigmoid Colon Blood Supply

A

Sigmoid (IMA)

116
Q

Sigmoid Colon transition to rectum at

A

S3

117
Q

Rectum becomes anal canal when

A

Pierces pelvic floor/diaphragm at tip of coccyx

118
Q

Rectum Blood Supply

A

Superior Rectal (IMA)
Middle/Inferior Rectal (Internal Iliac) = NOT TO PORTAL VEIN

119
Q

Proximal Rectum Supply Nervous

A

Inf Mesenteric Plexus (ANS)

120
Q

Distal Rectum Nervous Supply

A

Hypogastric Plexus = Somatic not Autonomic therefore can feel anus

121
Q

Portal Vein formed at

A

L1 on Transpyloric plane

122
Q

Portal Vein direct constitutents

A

SMV and Splenic Vein

123
Q

IMV goes to Portal Vein via

A

Splenic

124
Q

Hindgut Referred Pain

A

Suprapubic

125
Q

Hindgut Parasympathetic Supply

A

Pelvic Splanchnic S2-4

126
Q

Foregut Parasympathetic Supply

A

Vagus

127
Q

Midgut Parasympathetic Supply

A

Vagus

128
Q

Foregut Sympethic Supply

A

Greater Splanchnic T5-9

129
Q

Midgut Sympaethic Supply

A

Lesser Splanchnic T10-11

130
Q

Hindgut Sympathetic

A

Lumbar/Sacral Splanchnic L1-2

131
Q

Liver Blood Supply (incl proportions)

A

Portal Vein 3/4
Hepatic Artery 1/4

132
Q

Gallbladder Surface Anatomy Level

A

Transpyloric Plane at 9th costal cartilage

133
Q

Largest anatomical liver lobe

A

Right

134
Q

What divides right and left anatomical liver lobe

A

Falciform ligament

135
Q

What is Ligamentum teres

A

Part of falciform ligament (inferior)

136
Q

Posterior Surface Liver Lobes

A

Left, right, caudate, quadrate

137
Q

Caudate and right lobe separator

A

IVC

138
Q

Quadrate and right lobe separator

A

Gall Bladder

139
Q

Portal Triad Positions

A

Hepatic Artery = Ant Left
Bile Duct = Ant Right
Portal Vein = Post

140
Q

Do Hepatic Veins exist

A

Yes, but only inside the liver -> direct drainage to the IVC

141
Q

Anterior and Posterior Coronary Ligaments organ

A

Liver

142
Q

Left and right triangular ligaments organ

A

Liver (post and ant surfaces)

143
Q

Suprahepatic Space

A

Between liver and diaphragm

144
Q

What seperates L and R Suprahepatic space

A

left and right separated by falciform ligament

145
Q

Subhepatic Space

A

Between liver and kidney

146
Q

Dependent part

A

Lowest point (where fluid gathers)

Changes depending on if body erect, supine etc

147
Q

When does common hepatic artery become proper hepatic artery

A

Once gastroduodenal artery given off

148
Q

Anatomical definition of liver segment

A

Position of hepatic and portal veins

149
Q

Physiological defintiion of liver segment

A

Own branch of portal triad

150
Q

Do liver halves have blood supply communication

A
  • No arterial / portal vein communication
  • Some mixing of venous drainage communication
151
Q

Principal Plane

A

Line between the IVC and gallbladder that seperates the liver into left and right PHYSIOLOGICAL LOBES

152
Q

Why are the anatomical and physiological liver halve definitions different

A

Physiological - divided by principal plane (gall bladder IVC)

Anatomical - divided by falciform ligament

153
Q

Which organ has the most lymph in the body

A

Liver (1/3-1/2 of total)

154
Q

Gallbladder Regions

A

Fundus, body, neck

155
Q

Biliary Tree

A

Cystic Duct (Gallbladder) + Common Hepatic Duct (Liver) —-> Common Bile Duct

Common Bile Duct + Pancreatic Duct —-> Ampulla of Vater —-> Sphincter of Oddi —-> Duodenum

156
Q

Gall Bladder Blood Supply

A

Cystic Artery (from R Hepatic Artery)

157
Q

Cystic Artery found in

A

Hepatobiliary Triangle

158
Q

Pancreas regions

A

head neck body tail

159
Q

Pancreas Head location

A

Duodenum concavity (at L1)

160
Q

Pancreas Uncinate Process location

A

Wraps behind SM vessels

161
Q

Pancreas Neck location

A

Anterior to SM vessel origins

162
Q

Pancreas Tail location

A

In contact with spleen hilum at the splenorenal lig

163
Q

Pancreas retro/intraperitoneal

A

Retro

164
Q

Accessory Ducts (pancreas) drain into

A

Minor Duodenal Papilla

165
Q

Sphincterotomy

A

Remove sphinchter of Oddi

(Fine as sphinchter has no real function)

166
Q

Pancreas Blood Supply Origins

A

Predominantly Coeliac
Accessory SMA

167
Q

Head/neck of pancreas predominant blood supply

A

Superior Pancreaticoduodenal (Coeliac -> Com Hep -> Gastroduodenal -> )

168
Q

Tail/body pancreas blood supply

A

Dorsal Pancreatic and Great Pancreatic (Coeliac -> Splenic -> )

169
Q

Pancreas pain referral

A

Posterior Epigastric

170
Q

What is the spleen

A

Single largest mass of lymphoid tissue, filters and recycles blood

171
Q

What is anterior to the spleen

A

Colon Splenic Flexure (Ie where the colon goes trans -> descending and retro -> infra)

172
Q

Spleen ligaments

A

Splenorenal

Gastrosplenic

173
Q

Spleen Blood Supply

A

Splenic (Coeliac -> )

174
Q

Spleen Surfaces

A

Diaphragmatic and Visceral

175
Q

Spleen Areas

A

Gastric
Colic
Renal

176
Q

What travels through the splenorenal ligament

A

Splenic Vessels

177
Q

What travels through the gastrospelnic ligament

A

Short gastric vessels

178
Q

Splenomegaly

A

Abnormally enlarged spleen (normally should be 1x3x5inch)

179
Q

Why does the IMV join splenic vein before joining the portal vein

A

So that it doesnt cross the midline as a small vessel, safer to cross the bony midline when in a bigger, higher pressure vessel (splenic)

180
Q

Venous Blood Flow in the Liver

A

Portal Vein -> R/L Portal Vein -> Sinusoids -> R/M/L Hepatic Vein -> IVC

181
Q

What is portosystemic shunting

A

Hypertension in the portal system = forces blood into the systemic system

182
Q

Where are the main shunts of portosystemic shunting

A

Lower Oesophagus
Umbilicus
Rectum/Anus

Causes varices in each region

183
Q

Varices in the umbicilis is called

A

Caput medusae

MBChB221 Digestive (9 decks)

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