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Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

ANATOMY

A

Scientific study of body structures and the relationships between them.
REGIONAL: Interrelationships of all the structures in a specific body region, such as the abdomen.
SYSTEMIC: Study of the structures that make up a discrete body system. That is, a group of structures that work together to perform a unique body function.

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2
Q

PHYSIOLOGY

A

Scientific study of functions and mechanisms in a living system.

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3
Q

ANATOMICAL TERMS

A

Give precise meaning allowing us to communicate clearly and precisely among those who study and use anatomical terms.
Directional terms are used to locate body structures by describing the position of one part of the body in relation to another.

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4
Q

SUPERIOR (cranial)

A

Towards the head.

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5
Q

INFERIOR (caudal)

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Towards the bottom.

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6
Q

ANTERIOR (ventral)

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Towards the front.

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7
Q

POSTERIOR (dorsal)

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Towards the back.

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8
Q

MEDIAL

A

Towards the midline of the body.

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9
Q

LATERAL

A

Towards the side of the body.

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10
Q

INTERNAL (deep)

A

Away from the surface of the body.

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11
Q

EXTERNAL (superficial)

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Towards the surface of the body.

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12
Q

PROXIMAL

A

Towards the main mass of the body.

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13
Q

DISTAL

A

Away from the main mass of the body.

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14
Q

VISCERAL

A

Related to internal organs.

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15
Q

PARIETAL

A

Related to body walls.

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16
Q

ANATOMIC POSITION

A

Feet together, arms at the sides, face looking forward, mouth closed, neutral facial expression, palms of the hands looking forward with fingers straight together and the pad of the base of the thumb rotated 90 degrees with respect to the remaining fingers.

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17
Q

PLANES OF THE BODY

A

Hypothetical plane used to transect the body, in order to describe the location of structures or the direction of movements.

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18
Q

SAGITTAL (lateral) plane

A

It divides the body into left and right.
FLEXION: Forward movement.
EXTENSION: Backward movement.
Exceptions:
Shoulder joint: ANTEPULSION when moving forward and RETROPULSION when moving backwards.
Ankle joint: DORSIFLEXION when the movement is forward and PLANTARFLEXION when it is reversed.

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19
Q

CORONAL (frontal) plane

A

Vertical plane running from side to side, divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior portions.
ABDUCTION: Movement away from the midline.
ADDUCTION: Movement towards the midline.
Exception: Trunk. Lateral tilt when moving away from the midline.

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20
Q

AXIAL (transverse) plane

A

Horizontal plane, divides the body into upper and lower parts.
EXTERNAL ROTATION: Movements that are made outwards.
INTERNAL ROTATION: Movements that are made inwards.
Exceptions:
Trunk: Rotations to the right or to the left. LATERAL ROTATION.
Forearm: Rotation of PRONATION for internal rotation and SUPINATION for external rotation.

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21
Q

Body cavities

A

A body cavity is a space created in an organism which houses organs.
Lined with a layer of cells and is filled with fluid.
Form during development, as solid masses of tissue fold inward on themselves.
Body cavities are like pockets in which the organs develop.

22
Q

Serous membranes

A

Serous membranes cover walls and organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
PARIETAL layer: Line the walls of the body cavity.
VISCERAL layer: Covers the organs.
SEROUS SPACE/FLUID: Between the parietal and visceral layers.
Three serous membranes:
PLEURA: Surrounds the lungs, one for each.
PERICARDIUM: Surrounds the heart.
PERITONEUM: Surrounds several organs in the abdominopelvic cavity.

23
Q

DORSAL (posterior) CAVITY

A

CRANIAL cavity housing the brain.
Space occupied by the brain, enclosed by the skull bones. Contains the brain, meninges and cerebrospinal fluid.
VERTEBRAL cavity housing the spinal cord.
Space occupied by the spinal cord enclosed by the vertebral column making up the backbone. Contains spinal cord and cerebrospinal fluid.

24
Q

VENTRAL (anterior) CAVITY

A

Make up of the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavity.
THORACIC: Space occupied by the ventral internal organs superior to the diaphragm. Surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest. It houses the primary organs of the cardiovascular and respiratory system. Contains windpipe, bronchi, lungs, esophagus, heart, large blood vessels and thymus and the Lymph nodes.
ABDOMINAL: Space occupied by the ventral internal organs inferior to the diaphragm and superior to the pelvic cavity. Is not contained within bones. Houses many organs of the digestive and renal systems, as well as some organs of the endocrine system. Contains stomach, small intestine, colon, pancreas, liver, bile ducts, urinary organs, spleen, kidney, glands, large lymphatic vessels.
PELVIC: Space occupied by three bilateral pairs of bones (pubis, ilium and ischium) and two posteriorly located bones (sacrum and coccyx).
ACETABULUM: Large cup-shaped cavity on the anterolateral aspect of the pelvis that articulates with the femoral head to form the hip joint. Is formed by a combination of all three bones of the pelvis: ilium, ischium and pubis.
GLENOID CAVITY: Oval, concave and smooth, it is located at the lateral angle of the scapula, to articulate with the humerus.

25
Q

Characteristics of muscle tissue

A

CONTRACTILITY: The ability to contract.
ELASTICITY: The ability to return to its resting length after contracting, lengthening or shortening it.
EXTENSIBILITY: The ability to extend beyond its normal length to stretch. After its stretch, it returns to its resting length, if not, we would be left with a muscle that is too long for the limb.
Fed by capillaries: They provide to the muscles the nutrients needed, including O2 and glucose, and they remove CO2.
Capillaries provide the muscles with the oxygen that we need, the relationship between the oxyhemoglobin and the myoglobin within the muscle tissue and the oxygen moves from the bloodstream into the muscle tissue. CO2 goes in the opposite direction. From the muscle tissue into the capillaries to be taken away and glucose is also provided to the muscles for energy respiration and aerobic respiration to take place within the muscle.
Capillaries mesh like a spider’s web around the muscle.
NERVE CONTROL: Movement occurs based upon stimulation from the Central Nervous System.
HYPERTROPHY: Hyper means abundance and trophy means nutrition. The ability to build muscle and grow in size due to training. Builds in strength too.
ATROPHY: The ability to lose mass, size and strength due to lack of training.

26
Q

Different types of muscle

A

Smooth muscle: Located in the walls of the arteries and organs. Involuntary contraction.
You don’t decide to move and work the muscles. You don’t tell your stomach to process the food you just ate, or the vessels to constrict.
It is narrow, non striated, uni-nucleated fibers.
Cardiac muscle: In the walls of the heart. The strongest part is around the left ventricle. Involuntary contraction.
Is striated, branched (layers and layers of muscle) and nucleated fibers (+ than 1 nucleus per fiber).
Skeletal muscle: Attached to the skeleton via tendons. Voluntary contraction.
You choose. If not, we were randomly walking around the street. You control it by your nervous system. Send messages down the brain to the muscles.
Striated, multinucleated fibers.

27
Q

Structure of the skeletal muscle

A

Epimysium: Outer muscle. We have a connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle. It holds together the bundles of fascicles, which make up the skeletal muscle/muscle belly. The fascicle is a collection of muscle fibers.
Perimysium: Each fascicle is surrounded by a perimysium. Encloses each fascicle in the middle of the muscle tissue.
Endomysium: Connective tissue that surrounds the muscle fiber. The muscle fiber is made up of myofibrils.
Endomysium surrounds a fiber, a collection of fibers form a fascicle and the fascicle is surrounded by Perimysium, and a bundle of fascicles are enclosed by Epimysium.

28
Q

Origin and insertion of muscles

A

ORIGIN: The attachment of a muscle tendon to a stationary bone.
The origin stabilizes the movement.
Example: Scapula to bicep.
INSERTION: The attachment of a muscle tendon to a moveable bone.
Example: Bicep tendon to forearm when doing a bicep curl.
AGONIST: The muscle doing the work (contracting) and creating the movement.
ANTAGONIST: The muscle which is relaxing and letting the movement take place.

29
Q

Rectus abdominis

A

Origin: Pubis.
Insertion: 5-7 th ribs and sternum.
When these muscles contract they pull the trunk forwards.

30
Q

External obliques

A

Origin: Lower 8 ribs.
Insertion: Ilium.
Involved in sideways bending movements and rotation and, therefore, they are trained when doing oblique abdominal exercises.

31
Q

Erector spinae

A

Origin: Ribs, cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, ilium.
Insertion: Ribs, cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae.
When the muscles contract, the person is leaning backwards.

32
Q

Trapezius

A

Origin: Cervical/Thoracic Vertebrae, base of skull.
Insertion: Scapula, Clavicle.
Raise the shoulder but it also controls the movements in the scapula

33
Q

Biceps brachii

A

Origin: Scapula.
Insertion: Radius, ulna.

34
Q

Triceps brachii

A

Origin: Scapula, humerus.
Insertion: Ulna.
Triceps is involved in both shoulder and elbow movement where it extends or moves the arm backwards at the shoulder and straightens the elbow.

35
Q

Deltoid

A

Origin: Scapula, clavicle.
Insertion: Humerus.

36
Q

Latissimus dorsi

A

Origin: Ilium, Sacrum, Lumbar/Thoracic vertebrae.
Insertion: Humerus.
Brings the arm backwards (into extension) and rotates the arm inwards.

37
Q

Pectoralis major

A

Origin: Sternum, clavicle, anterior ribs.
Insertion: Humerus.
All shoulder movements where the arm is raised up or brought forward.
The tendon of the pectoralis major forms the front of the armpit and it inserts to the inside of the humerus.

38
Q

Calf muscle

A

Gastrocnemius:
Origin: Posterior femur.
Insertion: Calcaneus via Achilles tendon.
Soleus: Origin: Posterior tibia and fibula.
Insertion: Calcaneus via Achilles tendon.

39
Q

Hamstring muscle

A

BICEPS FEMORIS, SEMITENDINOSUS, SEMIMEMBRANOSUS.
Origin: Ischium.
Insertion: Onto different parts of the knee.

40
Q

Gluteus maximus

A

Origin: Ilium, sacrum, coccyx.
Insertion: Upper part of the lateral femur.
During the contraction phase, the gluteus maximus moves the thigh backwards and the hip into its extension phase.

41
Q

Tibialis anterior

A

Origin: Lateral tibia.
Insertion: First metatarsal and tarsal bones of the foot.
Responsible for pulling the foot upward to the shins and is used in walking and running.

42
Q

Quadriceps

A

RECTUS FEMORIS (Origin: Ilium) VASTUS INTERMEDIUS, VASTUS MEDIALIS, VASTUS LATERALIS (Origin: Femur).
Quadriceps tendon continues below the patella as the patella ligament and inserts into the anterior and upper tibia.

43
Q

Sartorius

A

Origin: Ilium.
Insertion: Medial tibia.
Is the longest muscle in the body, crossing both the hip and knee joints.
Both the iliopsoas and the Sartorius bring the thigh upwards at the hip while the Sartorius bends the knee.

44
Q

Iliopsoas

A

Origin: Lumbar vertebrae and the ilium.
Insertion: Attaches to the inner femur.
Flexion of hip.

45
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A

Red blood cell production. Blood cells are produced inside both long and flat bones.
Shape and support. Skeleton allows for a person to hold its position. Also, standing up, sitting down, doing a gymnastic pose, a position before kicking a ball, etc. Holds the pressure of the body weight by lumbar vertebrae, for instance. Tibia bone is bigger than the radius because it holds much more weight. Femur is a much bigger bone because it is carrying more weight and holding more pressure.
Mineral storage: Calcium for bone strength and other functions. Phosphorus for muscle and nerve activity. Rejuvenation of ATP. Calcium and phosphorus are both stored within bones until they are needed.
Muscle attachment: Bones are attached to skeletal muscle via tendons. Long bones act as levers that allow us to create movement based on the relationships with muscles and tendons.

46
Q

Axial and Appendicular skeleton

A

AXIAL (access) skeleton: Cranium, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx.
Provides protection. Protects vital organs. The cranium protects the brain, the ribs protect the heart and the lungs, etc.
APPENDICULAR (to attach) skeleton: Clavicle, scapula, humerus, ulna, radius, pelvis, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges.
ULNA: Little finger side.
RADIUS: Thumb side.
Protects reproductive organs. For example, one uses the hands to cover the genitals during a basketball match.

47
Q

Types of bones

A

TYPES OF BONES.
FLAT: Bones fused together to make larger bones. Flattened, broad surface. Increased surface area for protection and muscle attachment.
Cranium, ribs, sternum, pelvis.
SHORT: Cube shaped bones that glide over each other.
Tarsals, carpals. Helps movement of wrists and ankles.
IRREGULAR: Bones that do not fit into any other bone category.
Vertebrae, coccyx, sacrum, mandible.
LONG: Bones that are longer than they are wide. Used as levers to allow limb movement.
Tibia, humerus, femur, clavicle, phalanges.
Structure:
EPIPHYSIS: End.
DIAPHYSIS: Passing through. Around the medullary cavity.
TRABECULAR SPONGY BONE: Inside there is red bone marrow, essential for blood cell reproduction.
MEDULLARY CAVITY: It is the hole in the middle of the bone. There is yellow bone marrow, which is fat storage.
PERIOSTEUM: Outer layer of the bone.
ARTICULAR CARTILAGE: End of the bone that prevents rubbing with other bones.
BLOOD VESSELS: Through the bone, each bone requires its own blood supply.

48
Q

Connective tissue parts

A

CARTILAGE: Acts as a shock absorber and prevents friction where the bones articulate. There is cartilage between joints. For instance, in each of the 34 bones of the vertebrae. If there was no cartilage, when one were to jump and come down, all of the bones would crash together.
The older people get, the less cartilage they have. They develop osteoarthritis.
TENDONS: Attachment from muscle to bone. Muscles contracts and change their length. As the muscle changes length, it pulls on the tendon which is attached to the bone across the joint line and movement occurs. So, muscle contracts and shortens and pulls the bone across the joint.
Example: Bicep curl. Bicep contracts, the tendon runs across the elbow into the radius and ulna. As the bicep shortens the radius gets pulled up.
LIGAMENTS: Holds bone to bone. Do not assist movement. They secure articulating bones to make a stable joint. So, when the muscle contracts, movement can take place at the elbow or knee joint because the ligaments are joining that joint together. They also prevent movements in certain directions. In some places, only extension and flexion.

49
Q

Types of joints

A

Where two or more bones articulate.
FIBROUS: Joint that allows no movement.
Cranium, ribs, pelvis, sternum,
CARTILAGINOUS: Joint that allows little movement.
Vertebrae. One is not stuck like an iron board but not freely moveable either.
SYNOVIAL: Joint that is freely moveable.
Hinge joint.
KNEE JOINT.
PATELLA, with the patella tendon underneath, which attaches the femur and tibia to the patella.
FIBULA.
ARTICULAR CARTILAGE.
MENISCUS: Allows bones to slot together like a jigsaw.
LIGAMENTS: Keep the joint stable and only allow specific movements.
BURSA: Little sacs that sit on the muscle and the tendon and prevent friction.
Within the joint, JOINT CAPSULE and SYNOVIAL LINING: It holds everything together, like a pill which contains everything inside.
Within it, there is SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE: Outer layer of the inside of the joint. Secretes SYNOVIAL FLUID that lubricates the joint and allows people to continuously move the bone without causing too much friction. Too much friction could cause osteoarthritis and pain.

50
Q

Types of synovial joints

A

HINGE: Uni-axial. One point of motion, one axis of rotation. Flexion and extension.
Knee and the elbow.
BALL AND SOCKET: Tri-axial. Three planes of motion, all three axis. Allows a wide range of movement. Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation. More susceptible to injury than other because of the extra movement available.
Hip, shoulder.
GLIDING: Bi-axial. Two planes of motion. Up and down, right and left. They glide over each other.
Wrist, ankle.
SADDLE: Bi-axial. Up and down, right and left. Similar to gliding but it is different from the rest of the animal kingdom.
Thumb.
PIVOT: Uni-axial. Rotation.
Neck, Radio - Ulna movement of forearm.
CONDYLOID: Bi-axial. Flexion, extension, abduction and adduction.
Metacarpo-Phalangeal: Metacarpals meet the phalanges. Radio-Carpals: Radius meets the carpals in the wrist.

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