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Lower limb > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pelvis composed of

A

Two hip (Innominate) bones and the sacrum

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2
Q

Define thigh

What is it between?
What is the bone?
What are the compartments

A

Between the hip and the knee joints

Bone - femur

Contains anterior, medial and posterior muscle compartments

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3
Q

Define leg

What is it between?
What are the bones?
What compartments does it contain?

A

Between the hip and ankle joint

Bones - tibia and fibula

Contains anterior, lateral and posterior muscle compartments

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4
Q

Define Foot

Where is it?
What is the sole and the top of the foot called?

A

Distal to the ankle

Plantar surface (sole) contains many small muscles

Top of foot = Dorsum

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5
Q

What are the parts of the lower limb

A

Pelvis
Thigh
Leg
Foot

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6
Q

Define hip joint

Type of joint
Between
Stable?

A

Synovial ball

Socket joint

Between acetabulum and proximal femur

Very stable but quite mobile (not as mobile as shoulder)

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7
Q

What movements does the hip joint allow for

A

Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Medial and lateral rotation

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8
Q

What movements does the knee joint allow for

A

Flexion and extension

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9
Q

Define knee joint

What type of joint is it?
What is the articulation between?

A

Synovial hinge joint

Articulation between distal femur and tibia

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10
Q

What movements does the ankle joint allow

A

Flexion (plantarflexion)

Extension (dorsiflexion)

Of foot

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11
Q

Define ankle joint

What type of joint?
What is it an articulation of?

A

Synovial joint

Articulation between distal ends of tibia and fibula with the talus

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12
Q

What movements do the toes allow

A

Flexion
Extension
Adduction
Abduction

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13
Q

What is the hip bone formed of

A

Pubic bone
Ilium
Ischium

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14
Q

What do the bones of the hip bone fuse at

A

Acetabulum - socket of hip joint

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15
Q

Where do the hip bones articulate anteriorly

A

Pubic symphysis

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16
Q

Where do the hip bones articulate posteriorly

A

Sacrum at the sacroiliac joint

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17
Q

What surrounds the obturator foramen

A

Superior and inferior pubic rami

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18
Q

What is the small gap in the obturator foramen membranes and muscles which allows vessels and nerves to pass between the pelvis and thigh

A

Obturator canal

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19
Q

What is the most upper part of the ilium

A

Iliac crest

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20
Q

What are the features of the femur

A

Long bone

Has a head, neck, and shaft

Most distal end is expanded

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21
Q

What does the head of the femur articulate with

A

Acetabulum of pelvis

Forms the hip joint

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22
Q

What lies distal to the neck of the femur

A

Greater and lesser trochanters

Sites of muscle attachment

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23
Q

Where is the intertrochanteric line

A

Between the greater and lesser trochanters on the anterior surface of the femur

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24
Q

What is the trochanteric fossa

A

Small hollow on the medial aspect of the greater trochanter

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25
Q

What is the linea aspera

A

Bony vertical ridge on the posterior aspect of the shaft of the femur

Site for muscle attachment

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26
Q

What is the distal end of the femur expanded to form

A

Medial and lateral femoral condyles

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27
Q

What lies just superior to the medial femoral condyle

A

Small adductor tubercle

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28
Q

What lies anteriorly to the knee joint

A

Patella

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29
Q

What do the muscles of the anterior thigh do

A

Flex the thigh at the hip joint

Extend the leg at the knee joint

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30
Q

What do muscles of the medial thigh do

A

Adduct the thigh at the hip joint

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31
Q

What do muscles of the posterior thigh do

A

Extend the thigh at the hip joint

Flex the leg at the knee joint

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32
Q

What surrounds the thigh

A

Fascia lata (deep fascia)

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33
Q

What is the thickening of the lateral part of the fascia lata

A

Iliotibial band

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34
Q

What separates the thigh into anterior, medial and posterior compartments

A

Intermuscular septum

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35
Q

What do the anterior muscles as a group do and innervated by

A

Extensors of knee (some act upon the hip)

Innervated by femoral nerve (spinal nerves L2-L4)

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36
Q

How many muscles are there in the anterior compartment of the thigh

A

Quadriceps femoris - group of 4 larger muscles

Sartorius

Iliopsoas

Pectineus

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37
Q

What muscle is the prime extensor of the knee

A

Quadriceps femoris

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38
Q

What are the muscles of the quadriceps femoris

A

Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius

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39
Q

What do the muscles of the quadriceps femoris converge onto and where does this run and insert

A

Converge - quadriceps tendon
Runs over - patella
Inserts - tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament

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40
Q

Where does the rectus femoris lie

A

Midline of the anterior thigh

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41
Q

Where is the rectus femoris attached

A

To the AIIS proximally

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42
Q

What can the rectus femoris contribute to

A

Flexion of the hip

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43
Q

Where does the Vastus lateralis lie

A

Lateral to rectus femoris

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44
Q

Where does the Vastus lateralis attach

A

Linea aspera on posterior aspect of femoral shaft

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45
Q

Where does the Vastus medialis lie

A

Medial to the rectus femoris

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46
Q

Where does the Vastus medialis attach

A

Linea aspera

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47
Q

Where does the Vastus intermedius lie

A

Deep to the rectus femoris

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48
Q

Where does the Vastus intermedius attach

A

Anterior aspect of the femoral shaft

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49
Q

Where does sartorius lie

A

Superficially in the anterior thigh

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50
Q

Where does the sartorius attach and insert

A

Proximally at the ASIS

Medial aspect of the proximal tibia

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51
Q

What movements does sartorius allow

A

Flexion and Lateral rotation of hip joint

Flexion of knee

Not a prime mover contributes to these movements

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52
Q

Where does the iliopsoas pie

A

Proximally in the anterior thigh

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53
Q

What converge via the common tendon onto the lesser trochanter of the femur

A

Papas major and iliacus

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54
Q

What is the prime flexor of the hip joint

A

Iliopsoas

55
Q

Where does the pectineus lie

A

Proximal anterior thigh

Medial to Iliopsoas

56
Q

Where does the pectineus attach

A

Proximally at the superior pubic ramus

Did tally on the femur (just inferior to the lesser trochanter)

57
Q

What movements does the pectineus allow

A

Flexion and addiction at the hip joint

58
Q

How many muscles does the medial compartment of the thigh contain

A

5

59
Q

The medial compartment of the thigh muscles as a group do what

What is there innervation

A

Primarily act as adductors of the hip

Innervated by obturator nerve (spinal nerve L2-L4)

60
Q

What are the importance of adductors in the thigh

A

Important role in normal gait

Help draw the leg back towards the midline as we walk

61
Q

What are the muscles of the medial thigh

A

Adductor brevis
Adductor longus
Adductor Magnus
Gracilis
Obturator externus

62
Q

Where does adductor brevis lie

A

Deep to longus

63
Q

Where does the obturator nerve lie

A

Between the adductor brevis and adductor longus

64
Q

Where do the adductor brevis and adductor longus attach

A

Similar points

Pubic bone and linea aspera

65
Q

What parts do adductor Magnus have

A

Adductor part
Hamstring part

66
Q

What does the adductor part of the adductor Magnus

Attach
Act
Nerve supply

A

Attach - inferior pubic ramus and the linea aspera

Act - adductor

Innervated by - obturator nerve

67
Q

What does the hamstring part of the adductor Magnus

Attach

A

Ischia tuberosity and the adductor tubercle

68
Q

What is the adductor hiatus

A

Gap formed between the distal attachments of the two parts of the adductor Magnus

69
Q

What travels through the adductor hiatus

A

Femoral artery and vein to enter the posterior thigh

70
Q

Where is the gracilis

A

Most medial muscle

71
Q

Where does the Gracilis attach

A

Public bone
Medial aspect of the tibia

72
Q

What is the movement completed by the Gracilis

A

Weak adductor and flexor of the hip

Weak flexor of the knee

Is not a prime mover

73
Q

Where is the obturator externus attached and inserted

A

Attached - external surface of the obturator membrane

Inserts - femur near the greater trochanter

74
Q

What is the role of the obturator externus

A

Stabilises and laterally rotates the hip joint

75
Q

What is the femoral artery a continuation of

A

External iliac artery

76
Q

What is the profunda femoris artery a branch of

A

Femoral artery

77
Q

When does the femoral artery become the popliteal artery

A

When it enters the distal part of the posterior thigh (the popliteal fossa)

78
Q

What is the obturator artery a branch of

A

Internal iliac artery

79
Q

Where does the obturator artery travel

A

Through the obturator canal into the medial compartment of the thigh

80
Q

What is the femoral vein continuous with

A

External iliac vein

81
Q

Where does the femoral vein travel

A

Under the inguinal ligament

82
Q

Where does the obturator vein travel

A

Through the obturator canal

Joins the internal iliac vein in the pelvis

83
Q

What is the femoral nerve formed from

A

L2-L4 spinal nerves

84
Q

What innervates the skin over the leg

A

Saphenous nerve

85
Q

What is the saphenous nerve a branch of

A

Femoral nerve

86
Q

What is the obturator nerve formed from

A

L2-L4 spinal nerves

87
Q

What does the obturator nerve innervate

A

Medial compartment muscles and skin over the medial thigh

88
Q

What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle

A

Lateral - formed by the medial border of sartorius

Medial - formed by the lateral border of adductor longus

Superior - formed by inguinal ligament

89
Q

What is the apex of the femoral triangle

A

Distal

Where sartorius and adductor longus meet

90
Q

Where is the floor of the femoral triangle

A

Formed by Iliopsoas laterally and pectineus medially

91
Q

What are the contents of the femoral triangle

A

Femoral artery
Femoral vein
Femoral nerve

92
Q

What does the femoral vein receive in the femoral triangle

A

Superficial vein - great saphenous vein

93
Q

What does the posterior aspect of the ilium bear

A

3 ridges

Anterior
Posterior
Inferior gluteal lines

94
Q

What are the notches on the posterior ilium and ischium called

A

Greater and lesser sciatic notches

95
Q

What are the greater and lesser sciatic foramina formed by

A

Greater and lesser sciatic notches
Scarotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments

96
Q

What is the role of the greater and lesser sciatic foramina

A

Allow structures to pass between the pelvis and gluteal region and perineum

97
Q

Where does the ischia spine project from?

What attaches to it?

A

Projects - from posterior ischium

Attached - sacrospinous ligament

98
Q

What is the ischial tuberosity

A

Bulky prominence of bone at the posterior aspect of the ischium

Sit on this part of the pelvis

Muscles of the posterior thigh and sacrotuberous ligament attach here

99
Q

What is the intertrochanteric creat

A

Ridge of the bone between the trochanters on the posterior aspect of the femur

100
Q

Where is the gluteal tuberosity

A

Lies just inferior to the trochanters on the posterior aspect of the femur

Site of muscle attachment

101
Q

What are the groups of muscles in the gluteal region

A

Superficial group
Deep group

102
Q

What are the superficial gluteal muscles

A

Gluteus maximum
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia latae

103
Q

Describe the gluteus maximus

A

Most superficial muscle

Proximal attachments - most posterior part of the posterior surface of the ilium,
Sacrotuberous ligament and the sacrum

Distal attachments - iliotibial tract smaller proportion attaching onto the gluteal tuberosity

104
Q

What is the role of the gluteus maximus

A

Extensor of the hip

Important for standing from a sitting position

105
Q

Where is gluteus medius found

A

Lies deep to maximus

106
Q

Where is gluteus minimus found

A

Lies deep to medius

107
Q

Where does the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus attach and insert

A

Attach - Anterior parts of the posterior surface of the ilium

Insert - onto greater trochanter

108
Q

What are the movements of the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus

A

Abduct and medially rotate the hip

Important role in normal gait

109
Q

Where does the tensor fascia latae insert and attach

A

Attach - ASIS

Insert - into iliotibial band (itself inserts onto the lateral part of the proximal tibia)

110
Q

What movement does the tensor fascia latae

A

Contraction of muscle tenses the fascia lata and iliotibial hand

Stabilises the knee when extended

Flexes the hip joint

Is not a prime mover

111
Q

What are the superficial gluteal muscles innervated by

A

Gluteal nerves

Leave through the sacral plexus in the pelvis via the greater sciatic foramen

112
Q

What is the gluteus maximus innervated by

A

Inferior gluteal nerve

113
Q

What is the gluteus medius innervated by

A

Superior gluteal nerve

114
Q

What is the gluteus minimum innervated by

A

Superior gluteal nerve

115
Q

What is the tensor fascia latae innervated by

A

Superior gluteal nerve

116
Q

What is the primary movements on the deep gluteal muscles

A

Stabilise and laterally rotate the hip joint

117
Q

Name the deep gluteal muscles

A

Piriformis
Superior and inferior gemelli
Obturator internus
Quadratus femoris

118
Q

Where do the deep gluteal muscles insert

A

Onto or close to the greater trochanter

119
Q

Why is the piriformis a key landmark

A

Nerves of the sacral plexus lie over it in the pelvis

120
Q

What does the sciatic nerve divide into

A

Tibial and common peroneal (common fibular) nerves

121
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh

A

Seminembranous
Semitendinosus
Biceps femoris (a long and a short head)
Hamstring part of the adductor Magnus

122
Q

What are the muscles referred to as the hamstrings

Which span both the hip and knee joints

A

Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Long head of the biceps femoris

123
Q

What is the muscles of the hamstrings role and innervation

A

Extend the hip
Flex the knee

Innervated by tibial nerve

124
Q

What is the arteriole supply of the gluteal muscles

A

Superior and inferior gluteal arteries (branches of the internal iliac artery)

Leave pelvis via the sciatic foramen to enter the gluteal region

125
Q

What is the blood supply to the hamstring

A

No large artery in the upper posterior thigh

Supplied by three or four perforating arteries arise from profundus femoris

126
Q

What is the order of veins

A

Popliteal vein
Femoral vein
Received from great saphenous vein
Becomes continuous with external iliac vein

127
Q

What fibres is the sciatic nerve composes of

A

L4-S3

128
Q

What is the sciatic nerve really composed of

A

Tibial nerve
Common peroneal nerve (common fibular nerve)

129
Q

What does the tibial nerve innervate

A

Muscles of the posterior thigh and posterior leg

130
Q

What does the common peroneal nerve innervate

A

Muscles of the anterior and lateral leg

131
Q

What innervates regions of skin of the lower limb

A

Tibial nerve
Common peroneal nerve

132
Q

What is the popliteal fossa

A

Diamond shaped depression behind the knee joint

Superior boundaries
- semimebranous and Semitendinosus medially
- biceps femoris laterally

Inferomedial and inferolateral borders = gastrocnemius

133
Q

What does the popliteal fossa contain

A

Popliteal artery
Popliteal vein
Tibial nerve
Common peroneal (fibular) nerve

Lower limb (3 decks)

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