Anatomy Flashcards
What is the pelvis composed of
Two hip (Innominate) bones and the sacrum
Define thigh
What is it between?
What is the bone?
What are the compartments
Between the hip and the knee joints
Bone - femur
Contains anterior, medial and posterior muscle compartments
Define leg
What is it between?
What are the bones?
What compartments does it contain?
Between the hip and ankle joint
Bones - tibia and fibula
Contains anterior, lateral and posterior muscle compartments
Define Foot
Where is it?
What is the sole and the top of the foot called?
Distal to the ankle
Plantar surface (sole) contains many small muscles
Top of foot = Dorsum
What are the parts of the lower limb
Pelvis
Thigh
Leg
Foot
Define hip joint
Type of joint
Between
Stable?
Synovial ball
Socket joint
Between acetabulum and proximal femur
Very stable but quite mobile (not as mobile as shoulder)
What movements does the hip joint allow for
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Medial and lateral rotation
What movements does the knee joint allow for
Flexion and extension
Define knee joint
What type of joint is it?
What is the articulation between?
Synovial hinge joint
Articulation between distal femur and tibia
What movements does the ankle joint allow
Flexion (plantarflexion)
Extension (dorsiflexion)
Of foot
Define ankle joint
What type of joint?
What is it an articulation of?
Synovial joint
Articulation between distal ends of tibia and fibula with the talus
What movements do the toes allow
Flexion
Extension
Adduction
Abduction
What is the hip bone formed of
Pubic bone
Ilium
Ischium
What do the bones of the hip bone fuse at
Acetabulum - socket of hip joint
Where do the hip bones articulate anteriorly
Pubic symphysis
Where do the hip bones articulate posteriorly
Sacrum at the sacroiliac joint
What surrounds the obturator foramen
Superior and inferior pubic rami
What is the small gap in the obturator foramen membranes and muscles which allows vessels and nerves to pass between the pelvis and thigh
Obturator canal
What is the most upper part of the ilium
Iliac crest
What are the features of the femur
Long bone
Has a head, neck, and shaft
Most distal end is expanded
What does the head of the femur articulate with
Acetabulum of pelvis
Forms the hip joint
What lies distal to the neck of the femur
Greater and lesser trochanters
Sites of muscle attachment
Where is the intertrochanteric line
Between the greater and lesser trochanters on the anterior surface of the femur
What is the trochanteric fossa
Small hollow on the medial aspect of the greater trochanter
What is the linea aspera
Bony vertical ridge on the posterior aspect of the shaft of the femur
Site for muscle attachment
What is the distal end of the femur expanded to form
Medial and lateral femoral condyles
What lies just superior to the medial femoral condyle
Small adductor tubercle
What lies anteriorly to the knee joint
Patella
What do the muscles of the anterior thigh do
Flex the thigh at the hip joint
Extend the leg at the knee joint
What do muscles of the medial thigh do
Adduct the thigh at the hip joint
What do muscles of the posterior thigh do
Extend the thigh at the hip joint
Flex the leg at the knee joint
What surrounds the thigh
Fascia lata (deep fascia)
What is the thickening of the lateral part of the fascia lata
Iliotibial band
What separates the thigh into anterior, medial and posterior compartments
Intermuscular septum
What do the anterior muscles as a group do and innervated by
Extensors of knee (some act upon the hip)
Innervated by femoral nerve (spinal nerves L2-L4)
How many muscles are there in the anterior compartment of the thigh
Quadriceps femoris - group of 4 larger muscles
Sartorius
Iliopsoas
Pectineus
What muscle is the prime extensor of the knee
Quadriceps femoris
What are the muscles of the quadriceps femoris
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius
What do the muscles of the quadriceps femoris converge onto and where does this run and insert
Converge - quadriceps tendon
Runs over - patella
Inserts - tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
Where does the rectus femoris lie
Midline of the anterior thigh
Where is the rectus femoris attached
To the AIIS proximally
What can the rectus femoris contribute to
Flexion of the hip
Where does the Vastus lateralis lie
Lateral to rectus femoris
Where does the Vastus lateralis attach
Linea aspera on posterior aspect of femoral shaft
Where does the Vastus medialis lie
Medial to the rectus femoris
Where does the Vastus medialis attach
Linea aspera
Where does the Vastus intermedius lie
Deep to the rectus femoris
Where does the Vastus intermedius attach
Anterior aspect of the femoral shaft
Where does sartorius lie
Superficially in the anterior thigh
Where does the sartorius attach and insert
Proximally at the ASIS
Medial aspect of the proximal tibia
What movements does sartorius allow
Flexion and Lateral rotation of hip joint
Flexion of knee
Not a prime mover contributes to these movements
Where does the iliopsoas pie
Proximally in the anterior thigh
What converge via the common tendon onto the lesser trochanter of the femur
Papas major and iliacus
What is the prime flexor of the hip joint
Iliopsoas
Where does the pectineus lie
Proximal anterior thigh
Medial to Iliopsoas
Where does the pectineus attach
Proximally at the superior pubic ramus
Did tally on the femur (just inferior to the lesser trochanter)
What movements does the pectineus allow
Flexion and addiction at the hip joint
How many muscles does the medial compartment of the thigh contain
5
The medial compartment of the thigh muscles as a group do what
What is there innervation
Primarily act as adductors of the hip
Innervated by obturator nerve (spinal nerve L2-L4)
What are the importance of adductors in the thigh
Important role in normal gait
Help draw the leg back towards the midline as we walk
What are the muscles of the medial thigh
Adductor brevis
Adductor longus
Adductor Magnus
Gracilis
Obturator externus
Where does adductor brevis lie
Deep to longus
Where does the obturator nerve lie
Between the adductor brevis and adductor longus
Where do the adductor brevis and adductor longus attach
Similar points
Pubic bone and linea aspera
What parts do adductor Magnus have
Adductor part
Hamstring part
What does the adductor part of the adductor Magnus
Attach
Act
Nerve supply
Attach - inferior pubic ramus and the linea aspera
Act - adductor
Innervated by - obturator nerve
What does the hamstring part of the adductor Magnus
Attach
Ischia tuberosity and the adductor tubercle
What is the adductor hiatus
Gap formed between the distal attachments of the two parts of the adductor Magnus
What travels through the adductor hiatus
Femoral artery and vein to enter the posterior thigh
Where is the gracilis
Most medial muscle
Where does the Gracilis attach
Public bone
Medial aspect of the tibia
What is the movement completed by the Gracilis
Weak adductor and flexor of the hip
Weak flexor of the knee
Is not a prime mover
Where is the obturator externus attached and inserted
Attached - external surface of the obturator membrane
Inserts - femur near the greater trochanter
What is the role of the obturator externus
Stabilises and laterally rotates the hip joint
What is the femoral artery a continuation of
External iliac artery
What is the profunda femoris artery a branch of
Femoral artery
When does the femoral artery become the popliteal artery
When it enters the distal part of the posterior thigh (the popliteal fossa)
What is the obturator artery a branch of
Internal iliac artery
Where does the obturator artery travel
Through the obturator canal into the medial compartment of the thigh
What is the femoral vein continuous with
External iliac vein
Where does the femoral vein travel
Under the inguinal ligament
Where does the obturator vein travel
Through the obturator canal
Joins the internal iliac vein in the pelvis
What is the femoral nerve formed from
L2-L4 spinal nerves
What innervates the skin over the leg
Saphenous nerve
What is the saphenous nerve a branch of
Femoral nerve
What is the obturator nerve formed from
L2-L4 spinal nerves
What does the obturator nerve innervate
Medial compartment muscles and skin over the medial thigh
What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle
Lateral - formed by the medial border of sartorius
Medial - formed by the lateral border of adductor longus
Superior - formed by inguinal ligament
What is the apex of the femoral triangle
Distal
Where sartorius and adductor longus meet
Where is the floor of the femoral triangle
Formed by Iliopsoas laterally and pectineus medially
What are the contents of the femoral triangle
Femoral artery
Femoral vein
Femoral nerve
What does the femoral vein receive in the femoral triangle
Superficial vein - great saphenous vein
What does the posterior aspect of the ilium bear
3 ridges
Anterior
Posterior
Inferior gluteal lines
What are the notches on the posterior ilium and ischium called
Greater and lesser sciatic notches
What are the greater and lesser sciatic foramina formed by
Greater and lesser sciatic notches
Scarotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments
What is the role of the greater and lesser sciatic foramina
Allow structures to pass between the pelvis and gluteal region and perineum
Where does the ischia spine project from?
What attaches to it?
Projects - from posterior ischium
Attached - sacrospinous ligament
What is the ischial tuberosity
Bulky prominence of bone at the posterior aspect of the ischium
Sit on this part of the pelvis
Muscles of the posterior thigh and sacrotuberous ligament attach here
What is the intertrochanteric creat
Ridge of the bone between the trochanters on the posterior aspect of the femur
Where is the gluteal tuberosity
Lies just inferior to the trochanters on the posterior aspect of the femur
Site of muscle attachment
What are the groups of muscles in the gluteal region
Superficial group
Deep group
What are the superficial gluteal muscles
Gluteus maximum
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia latae
Describe the gluteus maximus
Most superficial muscle
Proximal attachments - most posterior part of the posterior surface of the ilium,
Sacrotuberous ligament and the sacrum
Distal attachments - iliotibial tract smaller proportion attaching onto the gluteal tuberosity
What is the role of the gluteus maximus
Extensor of the hip
Important for standing from a sitting position
Where is gluteus medius found
Lies deep to maximus
Where is gluteus minimus found
Lies deep to medius
Where does the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus attach and insert
Attach - Anterior parts of the posterior surface of the ilium
Insert - onto greater trochanter
What are the movements of the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus
Abduct and medially rotate the hip
Important role in normal gait
Where does the tensor fascia latae insert and attach
Attach - ASIS
Insert - into iliotibial band (itself inserts onto the lateral part of the proximal tibia)
What movement does the tensor fascia latae
Contraction of muscle tenses the fascia lata and iliotibial hand
Stabilises the knee when extended
Flexes the hip joint
Is not a prime mover
What are the superficial gluteal muscles innervated by
Gluteal nerves
Leave through the sacral plexus in the pelvis via the greater sciatic foramen
What is the gluteus maximus innervated by
Inferior gluteal nerve
What is the gluteus medius innervated by
Superior gluteal nerve
What is the gluteus minimum innervated by
Superior gluteal nerve
What is the tensor fascia latae innervated by
Superior gluteal nerve
What is the primary movements on the deep gluteal muscles
Stabilise and laterally rotate the hip joint
Name the deep gluteal muscles
Piriformis
Superior and inferior gemelli
Obturator internus
Quadratus femoris
Where do the deep gluteal muscles insert
Onto or close to the greater trochanter
Why is the piriformis a key landmark
Nerves of the sacral plexus lie over it in the pelvis
What does the sciatic nerve divide into
Tibial and common peroneal (common fibular) nerves
What are the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh
Seminembranous
Semitendinosus
Biceps femoris (a long and a short head)
Hamstring part of the adductor Magnus
What are the muscles referred to as the hamstrings
Which span both the hip and knee joints
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Long head of the biceps femoris
What is the muscles of the hamstrings role and innervation
Extend the hip
Flex the knee
Innervated by tibial nerve
What is the arteriole supply of the gluteal muscles
Superior and inferior gluteal arteries (branches of the internal iliac artery)
Leave pelvis via the sciatic foramen to enter the gluteal region
What is the blood supply to the hamstring
No large artery in the upper posterior thigh
Supplied by three or four perforating arteries arise from profundus femoris
What is the order of veins
Popliteal vein
Femoral vein
Received from great saphenous vein
Becomes continuous with external iliac vein
What fibres is the sciatic nerve composes of
L4-S3
What is the sciatic nerve really composed of
Tibial nerve
Common peroneal nerve (common fibular nerve)
What does the tibial nerve innervate
Muscles of the posterior thigh and posterior leg
What does the common peroneal nerve innervate
Muscles of the anterior and lateral leg
What innervates regions of skin of the lower limb
Tibial nerve
Common peroneal nerve
What is the popliteal fossa
Diamond shaped depression behind the knee joint
Superior boundaries
- semimebranous and Semitendinosus medially
- biceps femoris laterally
Inferomedial and inferolateral borders = gastrocnemius
What does the popliteal fossa contain
Popliteal artery
Popliteal vein
Tibial nerve
Common peroneal (fibular) nerve
