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54 CNS > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What does the CNS includes?

A

Brain & spinal cord

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2
Q

Where is the brain located?

A

Cranial cavity

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3
Q

What is the brain protected by?

A

Skull & meninges

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4
Q

How is the brain divided?

A
  1. Forebrain
  2. Midbrain
  3. Hindbrain
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5
Q

What does the forebrain include?

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Diencephalon
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6
Q

What does the hindbrain include?

A
  • Medulla oblongata
  • Pons
  • Cerebellum
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7
Q

The hindbrain is also called _________

A

Brainstem

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7
Q

Where is the spinal cord located?

A

Vertebral column

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8
Q

What is the spinal cord surrounded by?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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9
Q

What is the spinal cord protected by?

A

Meninges

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10
Q

How many cranial nerves are there in the PNS?

A

12 pairs

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11
Q

How many spinal nerves are there in the PNS?

A

31 pairs

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12
Q

The _______ is the largest part of the brain.

A

Cerebrum

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13
Q

The cerebrum consists of 2 _______________.

A

Cerebral hemisphere

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14
Q

What separates the hemispheres of cerebrum?

A

Longitudinal fissure

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15
Q

What connects the 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A

Corpus callosum (at the bottom)

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16
Q

What is the cerebral cortex? Where is it located?

A

A layer of grey matter on the surface of the hemispheres of cerebrum

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17
Q

What are gyri and sulci?

A

Gyri: ridges on the surface of the brain. Suci: fissues surrounding each ridge

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18
Q

Frontal lobe wrt central sulcus

A

Anterior (in front)

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19
Q

Frontal lobe wrt lateral fissure

A

Superior (above)

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20
Q

Parietal lobe wrt to central sulcus

A

Posterior (behind)

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21
Q

Parietal lobe wrt to lateral fissure

A

Superior (above)

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22
Q

Temporal lobe wrt lateral fissure

A

Inferior (below)

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23
Q

Occipital lobe is posterior to ______?

A

Parietal & temporal lobes (separated by parieto-occipital sulcus)

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24
Q

The hypothalamus forms the lower part of the _________ and floor of __________.

A

Lateral wall, third ventricle

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25
Q

The midbrain contains nuclei of which cranial nerves?

A

III (oculomotor) & IV (trochlear)

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26
Q

Cranial nerve II

A

Optic nerve (vision)

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27
Q

Cranial nerve V

A

Trigeminal nerve (sensation)

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28
Q

Cranial nerve III

A

Oculomotor nerve (eye movements and sensory function)

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29
Q

Cranial nerve IV

A

Oculomotor nerve (eye movements and sensory function)

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30
Q

What are fiber tracts?

A

White matter tract that connects the cortex with other areas of the CNS

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31
Q

Pons is located __________ to the midbrain

A

Inferior

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32
Q

Pons is located _________ to the medulla oblongata

A

Superior

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33
Q

The pons contains nuclei of which cranial nerves?

A

V, VI, VII, and VIII

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34
Q

Medulla oblongata is the most ________ portion of the brain

A

Inferior

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35
Q

The medulla oblongata contains nuclei of which cranial nerves?

A

IX, X, XI, XII

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36
Q

What functions is the medulla oblongata associated with?

A

Helps control vital processes like your heartbeat, breathing and blood pressure

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37
Q

What functions are the pons asscoiated with?

A

Unconscious processes such as your sleep-wake cycle and breathing

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38
Q

Cerebellum is located ________ to the pons and medulla oblongata

A

Posterior

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39
Q

Cerebellum is connected to the _________

A

Brainstem

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40
Q

What does the cerebellum consist of?

A

A midline portion (vermis) and 2 himespheres

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41
Q

Spinal cord is _____ with the brain at the ________ of the skull.

A

Continuous, foramen magnum

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42
Q

Where does the spinal cord taper off?

A

Conus medullaris

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43
Q

Outer part of the spinal cord

A

White matter

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44
Q

Inner part of the spinal cord

A

Grey matter

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45
Q

Two functions of the nervous tissue

A
  1. Receive and generate stimuli (excitable)
  2. Transmit impulses (conductive)
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46
Q

Two properties of the nervous tissue

A
  1. Receive and generate stimuli (excitable)
  2. Transmit impulses (conductive)
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47
Q

What are the types of cells in the brain?

A
  1. Neurons
  2. Non-neuronal cells (glial cells)
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48
Q

What are glial cells?

A

Non-neuronal cells in the brain

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49
Q

What are the main differences between neurons and glial cells

A
  1. Neurons are able to generate/conduct impulses and are excitable
  2. Glial cells are x10 the number of neurons
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50
Q

Three important parts of the neuron

A
  1. Cell body
  2. Axon
  3. Dendrite
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51
Q

What is the cell body of the neuron called?

A

Soma

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52
Q

What does the cell body (soma) of a neuron contain?

A
  • Nucelus
  • Cytoplasmic organelles
  • Cytoskeletal elements
  • Golgi complex (near nucleus)
  • Mitochondria (throughout cytoplasm)
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53
Q

What are axons?

A

Nerve fibres of neurons

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54
Q

What is the function of an axon?

A

Conduct impulses away from cell body

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55
Q

Most axons are ______ processes that arises from the _________ in the cell body and branch at the _________.

A

long, slender
axon hillock
distal (terminal) end

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56
Q

What is an axonal cytoplasm (axoplasm)?

A

The cytoplasm within the axon of a neuron

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57
Q

Notable structures of an axonal cytoplasm (axoplasm)

A

Lacks ribosomes
RER
Golgi apparatus

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58
Q

Why are materials transported back and forth between the cell body and terminus of an axon?

A

The axon terminus lack components for synthesizing new materials

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59
Q

What is the rate of slow axonal transport?

A

1 to 4mm/day

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60
Q

What is the rate of fast axonal transport?

A

50-400mm/day

61
Q

What does the fast axonal component transport?

A

Cytoplasmic proteins and macromolecules - required for metabolic and synaptic activity

62
Q

What is the function of dendrites?

A

Conduct impulses toward the cell body

63
Q

Dendrites are usually relatively ______ and __________

A

Short
Highly branched

64
Q

What do dendrites contain?

A

Cytoplasmic components found in cell body except for Golgi apparatus

65
Q

Synapses connect neurons in the _____ to neurons in the ________ and from those neurons to the _________.

A

Brain, rest of the body, muscle

66
Q

What are synapses?

A

Regions of functional apposition where impulses are transmitted from one neuron (presynaptic) to another neuron (postsynaptic) or from a neuron to an effector cell (muscle)

67
Q

What are chemical synapses?

A

Presynaptic axon terminal: small knoblike termination of the transmitting neuron

68
Q

What do chemical synapses contain?

A

Vesicles filled with neurotransmitter

69
Q

Where is the presynaptic membrane?

A

Thickened region in plasmalemma (of presynaptic axon terminal)

70
Q

What do presynaptic membrane contain?

A

Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

71
Q

What happens after the arrival of an action potential at an axon terminal?

A

Ca2+ channel opens → influx of Ca2+ ions → rise in cytosolic Ca2+ level

72
Q

What does the rise in cytosolic Ca2+ level trigger?

A

Exocytosis of the neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft

73
Q

What is the width of a synaptic cleft?

A

20-40nm

74
Q

What is a synaptic cleft

A

Space separating presynaptic and posynaptic membranes
(neurotransmitter diffuses across)

75
Q

Where is the postsyanptic membrane?

A

Thickened region in plasmalemma of a receiving dendrite (contains neurotransmitter receptors)

76
Q

Where does the neurotransmitter bind to its receptor?

A

Excitatory or inhibitory synapse

77
Q

What happens after binding of neurotransmitter to its receptor (at excitatory synapse)?

A

Na+ channels open in postsynaptic membrane → depolarise membrane → action potential in postsynaptic cell

78
Q

What happens after binding of neurotransmitter to its receptor (at inhibitory synapse)?

A

K+ or Cl- channels in postsynaptic membrane opens → hyperpolarisation of membrane → no action potential in postsynaptic neuron

79
Q

Types of glial cells in the CNS

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia

80
Q

Proportion of oligodendrocytes

A

60-80%

81
Q

Function of oligodendrocytes

A

Myelin sheath formation

82
Q

Proportion of astrocytes

A

25%

83
Q

Properties of astrocytes

A
  • BBB
  • Structural support**, scar formation **
  • Secretion of nerve growth factors
  • Water transport
  • Excess transport (cerebral edema)
84
Q

Proportion of microglia

A

5-10%

85
Q

Functions of microglia

A
  • Brain macrophages**, phagocytosis
  • Secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFa, IL1b), chemokines
  • Antigen presenting function (MHCII antigen)
  • Immunocompetent cells ** of CNS
86
Q

Astrocytes are the ________ of neuroglial cells

A

Largest

87
Q

Fibrous astrocytes are located primarily in the __________.

A

White matter

88
Q

Fibrous astrocytes are _______ processes with _______.

A

long, spindly
few branches

89
Q

Protoplasmic astrocytes are located in the __________.

A

Grey matter

90
Q

Protoplasmic astrocytes are ______ processes, closely apposed to _________.

A

thick, lightly branched
neuron cell bodies

91
Q

Functions of astrocytes

A
  • Regulates composition of intercellular environment & entry of substances into it
  • Provide structural support to neurons (specifically synapses)
  • Metabolise neurotransmitters
  • Mediate exchange ofnutrients & metabolites between blood & neurons
92
Q

Name a type of neurotransmitter metabolised by astrocytes

A

Glutamate glutamine shuttle

93
Q

Tripartite synapses

A

Between astrocytes and neurons

94
Q

Oligodendrocytes produces ________ around ________ in white matter.

A

myelin sheath
myelinated fibers

95
Q

What do oligodendrocytes function as in grey matter?

A

Satellite

96
Q

What are oligodendrocytes closely associated with in grey matter?

A

Neuron cell bodies

97
Q

What is the region not insulated by myelin sheath called?

A

Node of Ranvier

98
Q

Cell marker of oligodendrocytes

A

CNPase

99
Q

Oligodendrocytes expresses _________.

A

Nogo-A (myelin associated neurite-outgrowth inhibitor)
Inhibits axonal regeneration following injury and ischaemia in CNS

100
Q

What are microglia

A

Small phagocytic cells that enlarge and become mobile after injury to CNS

101
Q

Microglia are implicated in _________?

A

Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson disease, cerebral ischaemia (stroke) etc

102
Q

PNS composes of

A
  • Neuron processses and cell bodies located outside the CNS
  • Neuroglial (Schwann cells & satellite cells)
  • Nerve endings
103
Q

A peripheral nerve comprises bundle (______) of nerve fibers (_______) surrounded by myelin sheath or Schwann cells.

A

fascicles, axons

104
Q

What are the 3 connective tissue elements fascicles of nerve fibrers are invested with?

A

Endoneurium (inside)
Perineurium (around)
Epineurium (outside)

105
Q

Epineurium

A

Connective tissues surrounding the entire nerve

106
Q

Perineurium

A

Layer of dense connective tissue around each fascicle of nerve fibers

107
Q

Endoneurium

A

Thin, reticular layer that surrounds each individual nerve fiber & contains Schwann cells

108
Q

What forms myelin sheath around myelinated axons

A

Schwann cells

109
Q

Difference between myelin-producing cells in CNS and PNS

A

CNS: individual oligodendrocytes myelinate portions of SEVERAL axons
PNS: individual Schwann cells myelinate portions of only a SINGLE axon

110
Q

What are ganglia/ganglion?

A

Collections of neuron cell bodies located outside CNS

111
Q

What do ganglia contain?

A

Satellite cells and connective tissue elements along with neurons

112
Q

Satellite cells (__________) form a capsule of cells around neuron cell bodies located in the peripheral ganglia

A

Amphicytes

113
Q

What are the two pairs of arteries that supply blood to the brain?

A

Left and right internal carotid arteries & vertebral arteries

114
Q

The vertebral artery originates from the _____________ in the neck.

A

Subclavian artery

115
Q

The vertebral artery enters skull through the _______________.

A

Foramen magnum (hole at the base of the skull)

116
Q

What are the branches the vertebral artery gives to supply the spinal cord, medulla oblongata and cerebellum?

A

Anterior spinal artery
Posterior spinal artery
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

117
Q

What is the single artery in the midline the two vertebral arteries join?

A

Basilar artery

118
Q

What does the basilar artery branch off to?

A
  • Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
  • Pontine branches
  • Labyrinthine artery
  • Superior cerebellar artery
119
Q

What does the basilar artery supply?

A

Pons, cerebellum and inner ear

120
Q

What does the basilar artery divide into?

A

Two posterior cerebral arteries

121
Q

What does the posterior cerebral artery supply?

A
  • Midbrain
  • Medial aspect of occipital lobe
  • Base of temporal and occipital lobes
122
Q

Internal carotid artery originates from _______ in neck.

A

Common carotid artery

123
Q

Internal carotid artery enter skull through ________.

A

Carotid canals

124
Q

Where is internal carotid artery situated at?

A

Within cavernous sinus

125
Q

What do the internal carotid artery divide into when it ends?

A

Anterior cerebral artery & middle cerebral artery

126
Q

___________ supplies most of the medial surface of hemisphere (except medial aspect of occipital lobe)

A

Anterior cerebral artery

127
Q

What do the middle cerebral artery pass laterally?

A

Temporal & frontal lobes

128
Q

________ is a connection between left and right arteries supplying the brain.

A

Circle of Wilis

129
Q

Circle of Wilis helps to supply blood on opposite side during ______________ on one side.

A

Slow occlusion of an artery

130
Q

_________ connects the anterior cerebral arteries of both side.

A

Anterior communicating artery

131
Q

__________ connects the middle cerebral artery and posterior cererbal artery

A

Posterior communicating artery

132
Q

Where is the circle of Wilis located?

A

Base of brain

133
Q

Blood from brain drains into ___________, which eventually empty into _____________.

A

venous sinuses
internal jugular vein

134
Q

Blood from superficial part of the superior aspect of brain drains into ___________.

A

Superior sagittal sinus

135
Q

Blood from inferior part of brain drains into ___________.

A

Transverse sinus & superficial middle cerebral vein

136
Q

Superficial middle cerebral vein drains into _________.

A

Carvernous sinus

137
Q

What CNs is the carvenous sinus related to?

A

III, IV, V, VI

138
Q

Carvenous sinus is part of the _________.

A

Internal carotid artery

139
Q

Blood from centre of brain drains into ___________.

A

Deep cerebral veins

140
Q

Deep cerebral veins drain into _______.

A

Venous sinus (straight sinus)

141
Q

Blood from both superficial and deep parts of brain drain into venous sinuses then to the _________ and the heart.

A

Internal jugular vein

142
Q

Superior sagittal and straight sinuses flow into transverse sinus, continues to ______, which drains into internal jugular vein of neck.

A

Sigmoid sinus

143
Q

Rupture of cerebral vein between one of the superior cerebral vein as it drains into the superior sagittal sinus leads to?

A

Subdural haemorrhage

144
Q

Capillaries of the brain have ________ between endothelial cells that form BBB, preventing random entry of water soluble substances into brain parenchyma.

A

Tight junctions

145
Q

Functions of CSF

A
  • Protective “liquid cushion’
  • Metabolites removal
146
Q

What is CSF produced by?

A

Choroid plexus in cerebral ventricles

147
Q

Flow of CSF

A

Lateral ventricle → 3rd ventricle → 4th ventricle via cerebral aqueduct → bathe whole brain and spinal cord

148
Q

Where is CSF absorbed?

A

Superior sagittal sinus

149
Q

How is CSF absorbed?

A

Arachnoid granulations

54 CNS (13 decks)

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