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MBBS Year 1, Week 1 > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the Human Tissue Authority?

A

The Human Tissue Authority (HTA) ensures that human tissue is used safely and ethically, and with proper consent. It regulates organisations that remove, store and use tissue for research, medical treatment, post-mortem examination, teaching and display in public.

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2
Q

What is anatomical examination?

A

It is the ‘macroscopic examination by dissection for anatomical purposes’, for which anatomical purposes are defined as: ‘purposes of teaching or studying, or researching into, the gross structure of the human body.’

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3
Q

Why would donors donate their remains for anatomical examination?

A

There are usually either altruistic or financial motivations behind donation.

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4
Q

Why would a donor not be accepted?

A
  • health and safety (infectious diseases)
  • normal anatomy altered
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5
Q

Why is anatomical examination regulated?

A

Once the interest in anatomical theatres burgeoned, and supply no longer met demand, a group known as resurrectionists began body snatching.

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6
Q

When was the Anatomy Act of 1832 brought in, and what were its stipulations?

A

The Anatomy Act of 1832 was brought in following the “West Port” murders and required those who wanted to perform anatomical examinations to obtain a license from the Home Secretary. The act required a death certificate and permission from surviving relatives (next of kin could donate remains to avoid funeral costs), and allowed unclaimed remains (workhouse, prison, hospital) to be donated.

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7
Q

What replaced the Anatomy Act of 1832?

A

The 1984 Act tidied up loose ends and appointed Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Anatomy.

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8
Q

What replaced the 1984 Act?

A

The 1984 Act was repealed in 2004 by the Human Tissue Act following events the Alderhey scandal in the 1990s. It incorporates all sectors that use/store human tissue, and replaced Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Anatomy with the Human Tissue Authority.

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9
Q

Describe anatomical position.

A

Standard anatomical position of the human body consists of the body standing upright and facing forward with the legs parallel to one another. The upper limbs, or arms, hang at either side and the palms face forward.

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10
Q

From an anatomical perspective, describe left and right.

A

The left and right sides of an organism refer to the left and right sides as viewed by that organism. In standard anatomical position, a person’s right hand is on the viewer’s left, since they are facing opposite the viewer.

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11
Q

What is the midline?

A

The midline is the vertical plane passing through the centre of the body (midline) that cuts it longitudinally into right and left halves.

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12
Q

What’s another name for the midline?

A

The midline is also known as the sagittal plane.

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13
Q

Define the sagittal plane.

A

The sagittal plane is a vertical line which divides the body into a left section and a right section.

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14
Q

What is a parasagittal plane?

A

A parasagittal plane is any sagittal plane that does not run perfectly down the midline of the body.

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15
Q

What is the horizontal plane?

A

A horizontal plane runs horizontally, dividing the body into a top (superior) and bottom (inferior) portion.

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16
Q

What is the coronal plane?

A

The frontal plane (also called coronal plane) is a plane that runs vertically from top to bottom (and left to right), and it divides the body into a front (anterior) portion and a back (posterior) portion.

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17
Q

What is the difference between superior and inferior?

A

The superior is toward the head end of the body, while the inferior is lower and is away from the head.

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18
Q

What is the difference between medial and lateral?

A

Medial is toward the midline of the body, while lateral is away from the midline of the body.

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19
Q

What is the difference between anterior and posterior?

A

Anterior heads towards the front of the body, while posterior ends towards the back of the body.

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20
Q

What is the difference between proximal and distal?

A

Proximal is toward or nearest the point of origin of a limb, while distal is away from or farthest from the point or origin of a part.

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21
Q

What is the difference between superficial and deep?

A

Superficial is used to describe structures that are closer to the exterior surface of the body, while deep refers to structures closer to the interior centre of the body.

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22
Q

What are three important functions of the skeleton?

A
  • provides support for soft tissues; without it, humans would be be a squishy pile of muscles, organs and skin
  • protects internal organs; most vital organs are found inside
    the bony boxes of the skull, ribcage or pelvis
  • aids body movements; skeleton is composed of just over 200 bones (in an adult), many of which interact with each other to form moveable joints
23
Q

What is a joint?

A

When a bone meets another bone, they form an articulation known as a joint.

24
Q

What are the four types of joints?

A
  • bony joints
  • fibrous joints
  • cartilaginous joints
  • synovial joints
25
Q

How are bony joints connected?

A

For bony joints, the bones are connected by bone e.g. the three bones of the pelvis.

25
Q

How are fibrous joints connected?

A

For fibrous joints, the bones are connected by fibres e.g. the bones of the skull.

26
Q

How are cartilaginous joints connected?

A

For cartilaginous joints, the bones are connected by cartilage.

27
Q

What are the most complex types of joints?

A

Synovial joints are the most complex type of joint. These joints are highly moveable and are found throughout the body; for example, all of the major joints of the limbs are synovial joints.

28
Q

What are the surfaces of a synovial joint covered in?

A

In a synovial joint, the smooth articular surfaces (i.e. the surfaces that form the joint) of the bones are covered in hyaline cartilage.

29
Q

What is hyaline cartilage?

A

This is a glassy, smooth form of cartilage that helps reduce friction between the bones.

30
Q

What surrounds a synovial joint?

A

A joint capsule surrounds the joint and usually contains supportive ligaments.

31
Q

What lines the joint capsule?

A

Inside, the joint capsule is lined by the synovial membrane.

32
Q

What does the synovial membrane secrete?

A

The synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid that’s essential to nourish and protect the joint.

33
Q

How are synovial joints classified?

A

The six major types of synovial joint are classified by the shape of the bones forming the joint, as well as the movements available at each joint.

34
Q

What are the six synovial joints?

A
  • hinge joint
  • ball and socket
  • saddle joint
  • pivot joint
  • plane/gliding joint
  • ellipsoid joint
35
Q

What is a muscle (skeletal)?

A

A muscle (skeletal) is a tissue that’s able to generate movement by either contracting or relaxing.

36
Q

How do muscles generate movement?

A

Muscles generate movement by moving the bones of the body closer to, or further apart from, one another. They’re able to do this because of the joints between the bones.

37
Q

List the rules of muscle biomechanics.

A
  • to have an action, a muscle must have at least two attachments
  • to have an action at a joint, a muscle needs to attach on either side of the joint
  • a muscle will have an action at every joint it crosses
  • we need at least one muscle for every possible movement at a joint
  • how a muscle crosses a joint will determine which action it has at the joint
38
Q

What are the two types of action a muscle can make?

A

Muscles can only contract and relax.

39
Q

What is the function of the nervous system?

A

The nervous system controls everything in the body.

40
Q

How is the nervous system divided (in terms of location)?

A

The nervous system is divided into a central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (everything else).

40
Q

How is the nervous system divided (in terms of function)?

A

The somatic nervous system is concerned with voluntary control of the body. The autonomic nervous system regulates unconscious bodily functions such as heart rate or digestion.

41
Q

What are arteries?

A

The arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

42
Q

Why must arterial walls be thick?

A

The blood found in arteries are at high pressure, so arterial walls need to be thick, with muscle and elastic fibres to support them. Because of this, they tend to keep their shape, even after death.

43
Q

How are arteries configured in the body?

A

Arteries spread into the body like the branches of a tree, dividing into smaller and smaller vessels as they reach the extremities.

44
Q

What direction do veins direct blood through?

A

Veins take blood in the opposite direction, returning it to the heart.

45
Q

How are are veins configured in the body?

A

Veins are arranged more like the roots of a tree, starting as hundreds of small vessels that unite to form increasingly large veins.

46
Q

Veins have thick walls. True or False?

A

False. Blood in the veins is at low pressure, so the walls can be relatively thin. They’ll often appear baggy and blue-ish on cadavers.

47
Q

How do veins ensure the blood travels in one direction?

A

Veins contain valves that ensure blood only travels in one direction.

48
Q

What is the difference between flexion and extension?

A

Flexion refers to a movement that decreases the angle between two body parts. Extension refers to the process of straightening, which increases the angle between two body parts.

49
Q

What is the difference between abduction and adduction?

A

With abduction, limbs (arms, legs or fingers) are moved away from your body’s midline. Adduction, however, refers to moving your limbs closer to the midline.

50
Q

What is the difference between medial and lateral rotation?

A

Medial rotation is a rotational movement towards the midline. Lateral rotation is a rotating movement away from the midline.

51
Q

What is the difference between pronation and supination?

A

Supination and pronation are terms used to describe the up or down orientation of your hand, arm, or foot. When your palm or forearm faces up, it’s supinated. When your palm or forearm faces down, it’s pronated.

52
Q

What is the difference between inversion and eversion?

A

Inversion is the tilting of the foot so the sole faces into the midline. Eversion is the tilting of the foot so the sole faces away from the midline.

MBBS Year 1, Week 1 (9 decks)

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