Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
How many layers compose the cranial dura? What are there names?
A
External Periosteal Layer and Inner Meningeal layer
2
Q
How many layers compose the spinal dura? What composes the spinal dura? Where does the spinal dura end?
A
One layer
The inner meningeal layer of the cranial dura
Ends at S2
3
Q
What two layers compose the leptomeninges? Which one is characterized by the presence of tight junctions?
A
Arachnoid (tight junctions) and Pia
4
Q
What are the two layers of the pia?
A
Initmal and Epipial Layers
5
Q
The outer layer of the pia is covered by _____
A
simple squamous epithelium
6
Q
What is the dentate ligament?
A
thickening of the pia that stretches from the midpoint between the dorsal and ventral roots on the lateral spinal cord to attach to the surface of the arachnoid and dura
7
Q
What is the filum terminale? Where is it and what derives from it?
A
extension of epipia which condenses and continues from S2 down; ends as the coccygeal ligament
8
Q
What are Virchow Robin Spaces?
A
a perivascular potential space existing between the blood vessels and the leptominges as the vessels enter the CNS tissue
9
Q
Name the midbrain cisterns.
A
Interpeduncular
Crural
Ambient
Quadrigeminal
10
Q
What vessels are contained within the ambient cistern?
A
vein of Galen
Posterior Cerebreal Artery (PCAs)
Superior Cerebellar Arteries (SCAs)
11
Q
What are the three meningeal arteries and what vessels are they branches of?
A
Anterior Meningeal Artery branch of the Ophthalmic Artery
Mindle Meningeal Artery branch of the Maxillary Artery
Posterior Meningeal Artery branch fo the Occipital and Vertebral Arteries
12
Q
Which nerves innervate the supratentorial dura?
A
V1 - Anterior Fossa
V2 - Middle Fossa
V3 - Posterior Fossa and mastoid air cells
13
Q
What is the embryologic origin of the dura, subarachnoid, and pia?
A
Dura - Mesoderm
Leptomeninges - Neuroectoderm
14
Q
What innervates the infratentorial dura?
A
CN X, C2-C3
15
Q
What is Froin’s Syndrome? What triad characterizes is?
A
Characterized by the triad of: 1. Xanthrochromia 2. CSF coagulation 3. CSF protein increased (up to 1000)
Generally occurs whenever there is obstruction to flow causing stasis or if the CSF becomes loculated
16
Q
What RBC to WBC ratio defines a traumatic tap?
A
at least 700 RBCs per 1 WBC
17
Q
What cellular mechanism is fundamental to CSF production?
A
Na/K ATP pump
18
Q
What nucleus and molecule control CSF production?
A
Raphe Nucleus sends serotonin to periependymal vessels
19
Q
What two factors can increase production of CSF?
A
Volatile Anesthetics and CO2
20
Q
What two factors decrease production of CSF?
A
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (acetazolamide) and Norepinephrine
21
Q
How much CSF is produced per hour? Per day? What is the total volume of CSF?
A
20 mL/h
450 mL/day
150 mL total
22
Q
What comprises the choroid plexus?
A
single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells surrounding blood vessels
23
Q
Where are the primary locations of choroid plexus?
A
- Roof of the 4th ventricle
- Inferior Medullary Vellum
- Lateral Recess to the foramen of Luschka
- Posterior roof of the 3rd Ventricle
- Floor of the body of the Lateral Ventricle
- Roof of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle
24
Q
What three components make up the Blood Brain Barrier?
A
- Capillary endothelial tight junctions (primary)2. Pinocytic Activity in endothelial cells3. Astrocytic foot processes
25
Which glucose configuration can travel across the BBB? Through what mechanism?
D-Glucose through Carrier Mediated Transport. BBB is impermeable to L-Glucose.
26
The Blood-CSF Barrier is formed by _______ .
tight junctions of choroid cuboidal epithelium
27
What are circumventricular organs?
Midline ventricular structures of specialized tissues with absent BBB due to fenestrated capillaries
28
How many circumventricular Organs are there? What are there names?
1. Organum vasculosum (lamina terminalis)2. Neurohypophysis3. Median eminence of the Hypothalamus4. Subfornical Organ5. Subcommissural Organ6. Pineal Gland7. Area Postrema
29
Which is the only circumventricular organ with an intact BBB?
Subcommissural organ
30
What is the only paired circumventricular organ? Where is it located?
Area Postrema on the floor of the 4th Ventricle
31
What stimulates the area postrema to induce emesis?
Digitalis or apomorphine
32
What three major head and neck arteries are branched of the subclavian artery?
Vertebral Artery
Thyrocervical Trunk
Costocervical Trunk
33
Which vertebral artery is usually dominate? What percent of time? What percent is usually the other side dominant?
Left 50%Right 25%Nondominant 25%
34
What percentage of the population has a hypoplastic vertebral artery?
40%
35
What are the branches of the external carotid artery from proximal to distal?
Superior thyroid arteryAscending pharyngeal arteryLingual arteryFacial arteryOccipital arteryPosterior auricular artery Superficial temporal arteryInternal MAXillary artery
36
Which branch of the external carotid supplies CN IX, X, and XI?
Ascending pharyngeal artery
37
What gives off the middle meningeal artery? Accessory meningeal arteries?
Internal maxillary artery for both
38
At what level is the carotid bifurcation?
C3-C4 or C4-C5
39
Name the segments of the ICA, proximal to distal.
1. Cervical2. Petrosal3. Lacerum4. Cavernous5. Clinoidal6. Ophthalmic7. Communicating.
40
How many segments are there to the Petrous portion of the ICA?
1. Vertical 2. Genu3. Horizontal
41
What are the branches at each ICA segment?
C1 - noneC2 - Caroticotympanic artery, Vidian artery (sometimes, usually ECA)C3 - noneC4 - Meningohypophyseal trunk, Inferolateral trunk, Medial Trunk (McConnell's Capsular arteries)C5 - noneC6 - Ophthalmic artery, Superior hypophyseal artery,C7 - Anterior choroidal, ACA, MCA, PCom
42
What does the caroticotympanic artery supply? What does it anastamose with? What does an aberrant artery symptomatically present as?
Supplies the middle and inner ear
Anastamoses with the inferior tympanic artery, which is a branch of the ascending pharyngeal
Retrotympanic pulsatile mass
43
What is the most common origin of the Vidian artery? Second most common?
External Carotid Artery
Internal Carotid artery at the petrous portion
Serves as an anastamosis between the two.
44
The inferolateral trunk anastamosis with the ECA by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
maxillary artery (through foramen rotundum) and the MMA
45
What are the branches of the meningohypophyseal trunk? What do they supply?
Tentorial Artery (Bernasconi and Cassinari) - tentorium
Inferior Hypophyseal Artery - Neurohypophysis
Dorsal Meningeal Artery - CN VI and part of the clivus
46
Pt goes in for MMA embolization. Develops unilateral blindness. Why?
in 0.5% of the population, the ophthalmic artery comes off the MMA
47
What is the origin of the Anterior Choroidal Artery?
Communicating segment of the ICA just distal to the PcommA origin
48
Recurrent Artery of Heubner arises from where?
A1 or A2 segment (medial distal striate artery)
Usually off of the A2
49
What does the Recurrent Artery of Heubner supply?
Head of the caudate
Anterior limb of the internal capsule
Anterior Putamen and Globus Pallidus
Septal Nuclei
Inferior Frontal Lobe
50
What defines the M2 segment of the MCA?
from the bifurcation to the genu; insular segment
51
Lateral Lenticulostriate arteries emerge from what origin?
perforated arteries that emerge from M1 (supply much of the basal ganglia)
52
Which segment of the PCA lies within the ambient cistern?
P2
53
Which segment of the PCA lies within the quadrigeminal cistern?
P3
54
The medial and lateral posterior choroidal arteries arise from what origin?
P1 and P2 segments respectively
55
The vertebral arteries arise from what origin?
Subclavian arteries typically (many variants)
56
The verts enter the foramina transversarium at what level?
C6
57
Occlusion of what vessel causes lateral medullary syndrome? What are the classic symptoms?
PICAClassic signs:- loss of pain and temperature on ipsilateral face but contralateral body- CN IX and X dysfunction- horner's syndrome
58
What are the branches of the basilar artery?
AICALabyrinthine Artery Paramedian ArteryPontine ArteriesSCAPCA(of note PICA comes off the Verts)
59
What's the vascular supply to the striatum?
Mainly: MCA (lenticulostriates)Rostrally: Recurrent Artery of HuebnerCuadally: anterior choroidal artery
60
What's the vascular supply to the internal capsule?
Anterior Limb: mostly ACA, RAH (also lateral MCA lenticulostriates)
Genu: ICA perforaters and MCA lenticulostriates)
Posterior Limb: Anterior Choroidal, PcommA
61
What's the vascular supply to the Thalamus?
Primarily through the PCA and its branches (including posterior choroidal)Rostrally: PcommA and Basilar Bifurcation perforators (thalamoperforating arteries)
62
What's the vascular supply to the Medulla?
Anterior and Posterior Spinal ArteriesPICA and Verts
63
What's the vascular supply to the Pons?
Basilar Paramedian arteries and branches Circumferential branches from the basilar
64
What's the vascular supply to the midbrain?
Basilar artery, PCA, SCA, PcommA, Anteior Chroidal
65
What's the vascular supply to Cerebellum?
PICA: Inferior cerebellar peduncle, vermis, tonsils, choroid of the 4th
AICA: Middle cerebellar peduncle, choroid of the 4th, anterior cerebellum
SCA: superior cerebellar peduncle, choroid of the 4th, and the DEEP nuclei
66
The SSS drains predominantly to which transverse sinus?
Right Transverse Sinus (60%)
67
Where does the SSS end and the transverse sinus begin?
internal occipital proturberance
68
The medial internal cerebral venous drainage pathway is as follows:
cortical medical hemisphere veins -\> ISS ISS joins great cerebral vein of Galen to form Straight SInusStraight sinus - \> Torcula -\> transverse sinus (predominantly left)
69
What joins with the sigmoid sinus to become the superior jugular bulb?
inferior petrosal sinus
70
The vein of Trolard and Labbe drain into the which sinuses respectively?
SSS and Transverse Sinuse respectively (both originate at sylvian fissure)
71
What forms the internal cerebral veins?
union of the thalamostriate, choroidal, septal, and epithalamic, and lateral ventricular veins
72
What's the course of the internal cerebral veins?
located in the tela choroidea of the roof of the third ventricle (velum interpositum)
travels through quadrigeminal cistern to contribute to the vein of Galen
73
What is the course of the Basal Vein of Rosenthal?
passes through the ambient cistern and joins the internal cerebral vein to form the vein of Galen
74
What is the course of the vein of Galen?
travels under the splenium and merges with the inferior sagittal sinus to form the straight sinus
75
Left vertebral artery arises from the aorta what percent of times?
5%
76
The ____ branch of the facial artery anastamoses with the ____ branch of the ophthalmic artery.
angular
orbital
77
The internal maxillary artery anastomoses with inferior lateral cavernous sinus trunk and ophthalmic artery through \_\_\_\_.
ethmoidal branches
78
What are the segments of the intracavernous ICA?
1. Ascending portion2. posterior genu3. horizontal portion4. anterior genu5. remainder of ICA
79
The intracranial portion of the ICA begins at the \_\_\_\_.
distal dural ring
80
What are the branches of the medial trunk? What do they supply?
anterior and inferior capsular arteriesanterior and inferior pituitary
81
Aneurysms of the ICA arise from which four vessels? What is the orientation?
Ophthalmic - superiorly and anteriorly
Superior hypophyseal - inferiorly and medially
PComm - posterior
Anterior choroidal - superior lateral
82
Medial lenticulostriates branch from \_\_\_\_\_.
A1
83
The Acomm lies in what cistern?
cistern of the lamina terminalis
84
The recurrent artery of Heubner passes through what anatomical structure?
anterior perforating substance
85
The genu of the MCA courses around what structure?
island of Reil
86
The M3 is also known as the ______ segment.
opercular
87
The largest cortical branch of the MCA is the \_\_\_\_\_.
angular artery
88
Occlusion of what branch of the MCA causes Wernicke's Aphasia and hemianopsia?
posterotemporal branch (M2 inferior trunk branch)
89
P1 lies within what cistern?
interpeduncular
90
What cistern does the Anterior choroidal artery go through?
ambient
91
The anterior choroidal artery enters the choroidal fissure at the \_\_\_\_\_.
plexal point (temporal horn of lateral ventricle)
92
What artery was historically sacrificed to treat parkinson's disease? Why?
anterior choroidal probably due to decreased supply to VL thalamus
93
What percent of people have a complete circle of willis?
25%
94
What are the segments of the PICA?
1. Anterior medullary segment
2. Lateral medullary segment: supply CNs IX, X, and XI
3. Tonsillomedullary segment: forms a large loop
4. Telovelotonsillar segment: between tela choroidea and inferior medullary velum rostrally superior pole of the tonsils caudally
5. Hemispheric branches
95
What are three midbrain stroke syndromes?
Weber's (CN III palsy w/ contralateral hemiplegia)
Benedikt (same plus red nucleus lesion aka tremors)
Claude (CN III, contralateral hemiparesis and ataxia)
96
What percent of patients with persistent trigeminal arteries have vascular malformations or aneurysms?
25%
97
What is the second most common persistent fetal artery?
hypoglassal (after trigeminal)
98
What is the Artery of Adamkiewicz?
Major anterior radicular artery Originates usually at lower thoracic or upper lumbar levels (most commonly T7 but 75% arise between T9 - T12)Most frequently on the left side (70 - 80%)Joins the anterior spinal artery
99
Where do radicular arteries arise from?
originate from segmented branches off of the aorta (i.e. intercostals, ascending cervical, etc.)
100
What is the entrance of the radicular artery into the spinal canal?
intervertebral foramina
101
What is the vascular supple to the dorsal root ganglion?
Posterior Radicular Arteries
102
What regions of the spinal cord are especially vulnerable to ischemia?
border/transition areas especially T1-T4 and L1
103
Intracranial-Extracranial Anastamoses:Occipital artery
Vertebral (C1 and C2)
104
Intracranial-Extracranial Anastamoses:Ascending Pharyngeal Artery
Vertebral
ICA via petrous and cavernous branches
105
Intracranial-Extracranial Anastamoses:Angular Branch of Facial Artery
ICA vis angular branch of the facial artery to the orbital branch of the ophthalmic artery
106
Intracranial-Extracranial Anastamoses:Posterior Auricular Artery
ICA via stylomastoid artery
107
Intracranial-Extracranial Anastamoses:Middle Meningeal Artery (Maxillary)
ethmoidal branch of the ophthalmic
108
Intracranial-Extracranial Anastamoses:Artery of foramen rotundum (Maxillary)
inferior lateral trunk
109
Intracranial-Extracranial Anastamoses:Accessory meningeal artery (Maxillary)
inferior lateral trunk
110
Intracranial-Extracranial Anastamoses:Vidian Artery (Maxillary)
Petrous ICA
111
Intracranial-Extracranial Anastamoses:Pharyngeal Artery
Cavernous ICA
112
Intracranial-Extracranial Anastamoses:Temporal branches (Maxillary)
Ophthalmic Artery
113
Intracranial-Extracranial Anastamoses:Infraorbital Artery
Ophthalmic Artery
114
Which cells are the main source cortical output?
pyramidal cells
115
Which cortical areas contain allocortex?
olfactory, hippocampus, dentate gyrus
116
What neocortical layers contain Martinotti's cells?
internal and external pyramidal layers
117
External and internal band of ballinger are located in what neocortical layers?
External - internal granular layer
Internal - internal pyramidal layer
118
Betz cells are located in the \_\_\_\_\_.
internal pyramidal layer
119
Primary somatosensory cortex is located on _______ on BA \_\_\_\_\_\_.
post central gyrus
1,2,3
120
Primary motor cortex is located on \_\_\_\_\_\_. on BA \_\_\_\_\_\_.
Precentral gyrus
4
121
Tertiary somatosensory is located on \_\_\_\_\_\_. on BA \_\_\_\_\_\_.
superior parietal lobule
5
122
Supplementary and Premotor cortex is located on \_\_\_\_\_\_. on BA \_\_\_\_\_\_.
Precentral gyrus and anterior adjacent cortex
6
123
Frontal eye field is located on \_\_\_\_\_\_. on BA \_\_\_\_\_\_.
Superior and middle frontal gyri
8
124
Primary visual cortex is located on \_\_\_\_\_\_. on BA \_\_\_\_\_\_.
banks of calcarine fissure
17
125
Secondary and tertiary visual cortex are located on \_\_\_\_\_\_. on BA \_\_\_\_\_\_.
medial and lateral occipital gyri
18 and 19 respectively
126
Higher order auditory cortex is located on \_\_\_\_\_\_. on BA ______ and is responsible for \_\_\_\_\_.
superior temporal gyrus
22
hearing and speech
127
Primary olfactory cortex is located on \_\_\_\_\_\_. on BA \_\_\_\_\_\_.
parahippocampal gyrus and temporal pole
28, 34-26, 38
128
Angular gyrus is located on BA \_\_\_\_.
39
129
Supramarginal gyrus is located on BA \_\_\_\_\_\_.
40
130
Primary and secondary auditory cortex are located on \_\_\_\_\_\_. on BA \_\_\_\_\_\_.
Heschl's and superior temporal gyrus
41 and 42 respectively
131
Primary gustatory cortex is located on \_\_\_\_\_\_. on BA \_\_\_\_\_\_.
insular and frontoparietal operculum
43
132
Broca's area is located on \_\_\_\_\_\_. on BA \_\_\_\_\_\_.
inferior frontal gyrus (frontal operculum)
44
133
What structure in the auditory pathway is needed for sound localization?
trapezoid body (commissure)
134
What BA is Wernicke's?
22
135
The MGB is organized ____ with ____ frequencies located \_\_\_\_\_.
tonotopically
higher
medially
136
Which motor areas have bilateral projection from the cortex?
eyes, face, and tongue
137
Which thalamic nuclei comprise the primary motor input to M1?
Ipsilateral thalamic ventrolateral (VL) and ventrolateral pars oralis (VLo)
138
Which side of the cerebellum has inputs to M1?
contralateral
139
What composes the epithalamus? What is its function?
Pineal gland, habenulae, stria medullaris, roof of the third ventricle
circadian rhythm, linking olfactory to the brainstem
140
What composes the anterior nuclear group of the thalamus?
anteroventral
anterodorsal
anteromedial
141
What is the function of the anterior nuclear group of the thalamus?
regulation of visceral function
142
What is the function of the mediodorsal nuclear group?
Integrates somatic and visceral activities and controls affective behavior
143
A lesion of the mediodorsal nuclear group causes \_\_\_\_\_\_.
Korsakoff's psychosis
144
What composes the intralaminar nuclear group?
Centromedial
Parafascicular
Rostral intralaminar
145
What is the function of the intralaminar nuclear group?
thalamic pacemaker for controlling electrical activities and wakefulness; interacts with RAS
146
What composes the midline nuclei of the thalamus?
periventricular gray
Massa intermedia
147
What composes the dorsal lateral nuclear group?
LD, LP, Pulvinar
148
What is the primary function of the pulvinar? What are its principle inputs and outputs?
extrageniculate visual pathway (secondary visual areas)inputs from inferior colliculus and visual cortex; outputs to areas 18 and 19
149
What composes the metathalmus?
medial and lateral geniculate bodies
150
What composes the ventral lateral nuclear group?
VA, VL, VP (VPLo, VPLc, VPM, VPI)
151
The mamillothalamic tract passes through what thalamic nuceli?
VA
152
What is the function of VA?
integrating cortical and basal ganglia programming
153
What are the four thalamic peduncles?
Anterior: fibers from the medial and anterior thalamic nuclei → frontal lobe.
Superior: connections → sensorimotor to precentral and postcentral gyri.
Posterior: connections → visual to calcarine cortex.
Inferior: connections → auditory to Heschl’s gyri
154
The habenula is involved in \_\_\_\_\_\_.
pathways of smell and basic emotions that influence visceral responses
155
What endocrine hormones are secreted by the pineal gland?
Thyroid-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, and somatostatin
156
What is the neostriatum or striatum?
caudate and putamen
157
What is the paleostriatum?
globus palidus
158
What is the corpus striatum?
Neostriatum and paleostriatum
159
What is archistriatum?
amygdala
160
What is the lentiform nuclei?
Putamen and globus palidus
161
What are the subcomponents of the caudate?
Head, Body, Tail, Nucleus accumbens
162
What is contiguous with the head of the caudate?
anterior perforated substance
163
The tail of the caudate forms the roof of the \_\_\_\_\_.
temporal horn
164
What are the five main inputs into the striatum? What are the three main outputs?
1. Corticostriate fibers (most important) 2. Amygdalostriate fibers 3. Thalamostriate fibers 4. Niagrostriatal 5. Raphe Nucleus
1. Striatonigral 2. Striatopallidal 3. Niagorthalamic
165
The Lateral Medullary Lamina separates the _______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_.
putamen; GP
166
The Medial Medullary Lamina separates the _______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_.
Medial and lateral GP
167
The Accessory Medullary Lamina separates the _______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_.
inner and out segments of medial GP
168
Huntington's disease involves decrease in what neurotransmitters in what locations?
substance P and enkephalin in GP and SN
169
What is the main output tract of the globus palidus?
Ansa lenticularis
170
A lesion to the subthalamus causes what clinical presentation?
contralateral hemiballisumus
171
What composes the basal ganglia?
corpus striatum, amygdala, subthalamic nuclei, substantia niagra
172
What is the zona incerta?
gray matter between the thalamic and lenticular fasciculi
173
What is the overall output of the corpus straitum?
inhibitory to MGP and SNpr that inhibits the thalamic output to the premotor and supplementary motor cortex, but not to area 4
174
What is the putamen circuit?
involved in discrete motor movements
Fibers from motor and somatosensory cortex → putamen → GP → thalamus → supplementary motor cortex.
175
What is the caudate circuit?
involved with cognitive function
Fibers from cortical association areas → caudate → GP → thalamus → supplementary motor cortex
176
The ______ area of the hypothalamus is continuous with the periaqueductal gray.
median hypothalamic
177
What hypothalamic nuclei secrete vasopressin and oxytocin?
paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei respectively
178
Which hypothalamic nuclei serve as the biologic clock?
suprachiasmatic nucleus
179
What is the median forebrain bundle?
From basal olfactory areas, septal nuclei, periamygdala, and subiculum → lateral preoptic and lateral hypothalamic areas
Information related to basic emotional drives and smell
180
The fornix connects the ____ to the \_\_\_\_\_.
hippocampus to the mammillary bodies
181
What is the strai terminalis?
Travels within the terminal sulcus (between the thalamus and caudate).
Amygdala → hypothalamus (anterior and preoptic nuclei
Information related to emotional drives and smell
182
The dorsal longitudinal fasciculus connects the ____ to the \_\_\_\_\_\_.
midbrain's central gray
periventricular hypothalamus
183
What's another name for the mammillothalamic tract?
“Hypothalamic–thalamic tract of Vicq d’Azyr”
184
What general region of the hypothalamus controls each of the following:
Parasympathetic:
Sympathetic:
Decreases body temperature:
Increases body temperature:
Satiety center:
Feeding center:
Arousal center:
Parasympathetic: anterior and medial (ventromedial) hypothalamic nuclei.
Sympathetic: posterior and lateral hypothalamic nuclei.
Decreases body temperature: anterior hypothalamic nucleus.
Increases body temperature: posterior hypothalamic nucleus.
Satiety center: medial hypothalamic nucleus.
Feeding center: lateral hypothalamic nucleus.
Arousal center: posterior hypothalamic nucleus
185
What is the origin of the adenohypophysis?
Ectodermal origin from roof of the stomodeum
186
What are the components of the adenohypophysis?
1. Pars tuberalis
2. Pars intermedia
3. Pars distalis: majority of the gland, has no directarterial supply
187
What is the origin of the neurohypophysis?
diencephalic
188
What are the components of the neurohypophysis?
1. Pars nervosa (posterior lobe)
2. Infundibulum
3. Nuclei (supraoptic and paraventricular)
189
What is the only sensory system without thalamic relay?
olfactory
190
What composes primary olfactory cortex?
pyriform cortex + periamygdaloid cortex
191
What is the pyriform cortex?
the lateral olfactory gyrus from the lateral olfactory stria to the amygdala
192
What are the three lobes of the cerebellum?
anterior, posterior, flocculonodular
193
How many lobules are there of the vermis?
nine
194
What composes the archicerebellum?
flocculus and nodules
195
What composes the paleocerebellum?
anterior lobe and part of the vermis (lingula, centralis, and culmen)
196
What composes the neocerebellum?
posterior lobe and part of the vermis (declive, folium, tuber, pyramis, and uvula)
197
What neurotransmitter is used by Purkinje cells?
GABA
198
Which spinocerebellar tract is crossed and which is uncrossed?
dorsal - uncrossed
ventral - crossed
199
What are the upper extremity equivalents spinocerebellar tracts?
cuneocerebellar tract, rostral spinocerebellar tract
200
Name the deep nuclei of the cerebellum from medial to lateral.
Fastigial, Globose, Emboliform, Dentate
201
The fastigial nucleus of the cerebellum is mainly involved what?
vestibular function
202
What forms the hippocampal formation?
presubiculum, subiculum, prosubiculum, hippocampus, and dentate gyrus
203
What is the indusium griseum?
composed of supracallosal gyrus and medial and lateral longitudinal striae
Connects septal area with hippocampus
204
Entorhinal cortex is BA \_\_\_\_.
28
205
The primary source of output of the hippocampus is through the \_\_\_\_\_.
fornix and subiculum
206
Stimulation or lesioning of the hippocampus causes what type of seizures?
psychomotor
207
What is the circuit of Papez?
Bidirectional connection from the subiculum → mamillary bodies → mammillothalamic tract → anterior thalamic nucleus → entorhinal cortex → subiculum. Mnemonic: Some Merry Mothers Are Extremely Silly
208
What are the second order neurons in the olfactory pathway?
mitral and tufted cells in the olfactory bulb
209
Mitral cells transmit information to the _____ olfactory area while tufted cells transmit to ______ olfactory area.
lateral
medial and all others
210
What composes the lateral olfactory area?
Uncus, Entorhinal area, Limen Inusla, Amygdala
211
What composes the intermidiate olfactory area?
anterior peforated substance
212
What composes the medial olfactory area?
septal area (subcallosal region of the medial frontal lobe)
213
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ connects all three olfactory areas.
Diagonal band of broca
214
CN III passes between what major vessels?
PCA and SCA
215
What are the divisions of the oculomotor nerve?
(Superior division: supply superior rectus and levator palpebrae superioris muscles. It ascends lateral to the optic nerve
Inferior division: supply inferior rectus, inferior oblique, and medial rectus muscles. Parasympathetic fibers travel with the inferior division
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The _____ cilliary nerve carries parasympathics from the ciliary ganglion.
short
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The oculomotor complex is located at the level of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
superior colliculus
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The trochlear nucleus is located at the level of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
inferior colliculus
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CN IV courses between which major intracranial vessels?
PCA and SCA (with CN III)
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Which cranial nerve is the only nerve to exit from the dorsum of the brainstem?
CN IV
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Which cranial nerve has the longest intracranial course?
CN IV
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Which is the smallest cranial nerve?
CN IV
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What are the three sensory nuclei of CN V? What are their functions?
Mesencephalic nucleus: conveys proprioceptor information from the muscles of mastication.
Chief sensory nucleus: conveys light touch from face.
Spinal nucleus: conveys pain, temperature, and deep pressure information.
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What are the two nerve roots of the trigeminal nerve? General function?
Portio major (sensory)
Portio minor (motor)
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What are other names for the trigeminal ganglion?
semilunar and gasserian
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Where is the trigeminal ganglion located?
in Meckel's cave on the floor of the middle fossa
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What are the three sensory divisions of the trigeminal nerve? Where do they exit the skull base?
ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3), exit the skull via superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, and foramen ovale, respectively
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What muscles are innervated by CN V?
Mastication (masseter, temporalis, medial, and lateral pterygoids).
Mylohyoid.
Anterior belly of the digastric muscle (note: posterior belly = CN VII).
Tensor tympani.
Tensor veli palatini
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The CN V branches of the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani pass throug the ______ but do not synapse.
otic ganglion
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What are the three components of the spinal trigeminal nucleus?
Pars oralis, pars interpolaris, pars caudalis
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The tearing reflex is mediated by \_\_\_\_\_\_.
CN V1 to the superior salivatory nucleus
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What is the sneezing pathway?
CN V → nucleus ambiguus → respiratory center of the reticular formation → phrenic nerves → intercostal muscles
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Which cranial nerves enter the annulus of Zinn?
CN III and VI
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The paramedian pontine reticular formation connects \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
horizontal and vertical gaze centers
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What is the most frequently injured cranial nerve? Why?
CN VI
position low along the clivus/dorello's canal
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A lesion of the CN VI nerve causes _____ while damage to the nucleus causes \_\_\_\_\_\_.
impaired ipsilateral lateral gaze
impaired ipsilateral lateral gaze for both eyes
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What forms the facial colliculus?
CN VII axons wrapping around the CN VI nucleus
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What is the first muscle brance of CN VII?
nerve to the stapedius (arises 6 mm above the stylomastoid foramen)
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What fibers are located in the nervus intermedius?
GVE, GSA, and SVA
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The Greater Superficial Petrosal Nerve is a branch of \_\_\_\_\_\_.
nervus intermedius
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The GSPN exits the petrous temporal bone via the _______ and enters the _____ to join the ______ to form the \_\_\_\_\_\_.
greater petrosal foramen
vidian (pterygoid) canal
deep petrosal nerve
nerve of the pterygoid canal
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The nerve of the pterygoid canal joins the ____ nerve to innervate the \_\_\_\_\_\_.
V2
lacrimal gland and mucosa of the mouth
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The chorda tympani joins the _____ nerve to innervate \_\_\_\_\_\_.
V3
submandibular and sublingual glands
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The chorda tympani exits the skull base via the \_\_\_\_\_\_.
petrotympanic fissure
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CN VII provides sensation to what region? Through what ganglion?
external auditory meatus and back of the ear
geniculate ganglion
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Taste in CN VII travels through what CN? Through what ganglion? To what nucleus?
chorda tympani
geniculate ganglion
rostal nucelus solitarius
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What are the branches of the facial nerve from proximal to distal?
Greater superficial petrosal nerve (just before the geniculate ganglion).
Nerve to the stapedius
Chorda tympani
Motor branches: temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical branches (mnemonic: “Ten Zebras Bit My Clock”)
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The acoustic reflex involves _____ output to the ______ nerves.
superior oliverary complex
CN VII (stapedius), CN V (tensor tympani)
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A lateral lemniscus lesion causes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
contralateral deafness
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Unilateral damage to MLF rostral to CN VI causes _____ while bilateral causes \_\_\_\_\_\_.
weakness of the ipsilateral lateral rectus, contralateral nystagmus, and normal convergence
internuclear ophthalmoplegia damage, no eye adduction
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CN IX leaves the medulla between \_\_\_\_\_.
olive and inferior cerebellar peduncle
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CN IX sends off a \_\_\_\_\_\_. branch prior to exiting the skull.
tympanic (jacobson's
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CN IX provides sensatio to \_\_\_\_\_
Back of the ear, Inner surface of the tympanic membrane, Posterior one-third of the tongue, Upper pharynx
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Jacobson's nerve goes through the ______ ganglion, joining the ______ nerve, exiting the skull base through the \_\_\_\_\_\_, to synapse in the _____ ganglion, and travels with the _____ nerve to the ______ gland.
inferior
lesser petrosal nerve
foramen ovale
otic
auricotemporal branch (V3)
parotid
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How does glossopharyngeal neuralgia present?
pain behind the ear or in the mouth, often precipitated by swallowing or coughing
256
The two ganglia of the vagus nerve are _____ and are located \_\_\_\_\_\_.
superior (jugular), inferior (nodose)
beneath the jugular foramen
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Arnold's nerve is a branch of \_\_\_\_\_\_.
vagus
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Arnold's nerve provides sensation to \_\_\_\_\_\_.
ear, external auditory meatus, and external surface of the tympanic membrane
259
The vocal chords and subglottis are supplied by which nerve? What's it a branch of?
recurrent laryngeal nerve
vagus
260
The pharyngeal branch of CN X supplies ______ except for \_\_\_\_\_.
all the muscles of the pharynx and soft palate
stylopharengeus (IX) and tensor veli palatini (V)
261
The cardiac plexus is supplied by what nerve?
CN X
262
CN XII innervates all muscles of the tongue except \_\_\_\_\_\_.
palatoglossus (X)
263
In the midbrain, what important structures are at the level of the superior colliculus?
superior colliculus, oculomotor nucleus, red nucleus, superior cerebellar peduncle, and SN
264
Unilateral damage to the superior colliculus causes \_\_\_\_\_.
contralateral visual field neglect, impaired tracking, but no deficit with eye movements
265
Stimulation of the superior colliculus causes \_\_\_\_\_.
contralateral conjugate eye deviation
266
How do you calculate Cerebral Perfusion Pressure?
CPP = MAP - ICP = (2/3 DBP + 1/3 PP) - ICP
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Hypoxia causes _______ of cerebrovasculature.
vasodilation
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Hypotension leads to _________ of cerebrovasculature.
Vasodilation (therefore increased ICP)
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CNS blood vessels have what embryologic origin?
Mesoderm
270
The anterior perforating substance is perforated by what artery?
Recurrent artery of Huebner
271
The M3 segment of the MCA is called the\_\_\_\_.
opercular segment
272
What is the largest cortical branch of the MCA?
angular artery (M2 inferior trunk)
273
What are Forel's Field?
white matter areas below the thalamus that contain the output tracts of the GP to the thalamus
274
The ansa leticularis passes _____ the IC and the leticular fasciculus passes _____ the IC.
around
through
275
What is contained within the Anterior commissure?
Anterior: connection between olfactory bulbs
Posterior: connection between bilateral GP, putamen, external capsules, claustra, and inferior and middle frontal gyri
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What is the function of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract?
propioception from joints, muscle spindles, golgi tendons
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What is the function of ventral spinocerebellar tract?
conveys efferent copies of motor commands to alpha-motor neurons; lower extremities
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What is the function of the cuneocerebellar tract?
conveys proprioception in upper extremities
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What is the function of the rostral spinocerebellar tract?
conveys efferent copies of motor commands to alpha-motor neurons; upper extremities
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What's the difference between mossy and climbing fibers?
Climbing fibers go to the cerebellum from the inferior olivary complex. Mossy fibers comes from everywhere else. They are both stimulatory (glutamate)
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What are the sensory and autonomic ganglia associated with each cranial nerves?
