Anatomy

Question 1

Where is the apex beat located?

Answer 1

5th left intercostal space mid-axillary line

Question 2

How do you tell if a heart is enlarged?

Answer 2

Heart is >50% of lateral distance in frontal view at diaphragm

Question 3

What is the transverse pericardial sinus?

Answer 3

Separates the arteries from the veins

Question 4

What forms the oblique pericardial sinus?

Answer 4

Reflection onto the pulmonary veins of the heart

Question 5

What is the most posterior part of the heart?

Answer 5

Left atrium

Question 6

Where is the aortic heart sound heard?

Answer 6

2nd ICS, right sternal border

Question 7

Where is the pulmonary heart sound heard?

Answer 7

2nd ICS, left sternal border

Question 8

Where is the tricuspid valve sound heard?

Answer 8

4th-5th ICS, right sternal border

Question 9

Where is the mitral sound heard?

Answer 9

5th ICS, near apex beat, left side

Question 10

What is surrounding the heart?

Answer 10

Heart is enveloped by the pericardial sac

Question 11

Name the two layers of the pericardial sac.

Answer 11

Visceral (inner)
Parietal (outer)
Between the two layers is a sinus/space

Question 12

What are the pectinate muscles and where are they found?

Answer 12

Aid in moving blood into the ventricles

Found on the inner wall of the left and right atria

Question 13

What is crista terminalis?

Answer 13

Ridge of smooth myocardium in the right atrium of the heart

Question 14

What is the fossa ovalis?

Answer 14

Window in the interatrial wall

Depression in the right atrium of the heart

Question 15

What is the function of the lips of the valves?

Answer 15

Function is to direct bloodflow, rather than prevent backflow.

Question 16

What is the function of the coronary sinus?

Answer 16

Brings venous blood from the heart back into the right atrium

Question 17

Where is the valve of the coronary sinus located?

Answer 17

Next to the valve of the inferior vena cava in the right atrium

Question 18

Name features of the right atrium.

Answer 18

Fossa ovalis
Crista terminalis
IVC valve
Coronary sinus valve

Question 19

What is the right atrium proper include?

Answer 19

Includes the right auricle

Question 20

What is the right auricle?

Answer 20

Small muscular pouch on top of right atrium

Question 21

Where is the conus arteriosus and what is its function?

Answer 21

Right ventricle - directs blood force into channel

Question 22

Name the different types of papillary muscles.

Answer 22

Anterior
Posterior
Septal

Question 23

What are the divisions of the pericardium?

Answer 23

Fibrous and serous pericardium

Serous pericardium is split into the parietal and visceral layers

Question 24

Where will you find the infundibulum/conus arteriosus?

Answer 24

Right ventricle

Question 25

What is the function of the infundibulum/conus arteriosus?

Answer 25

RV outflow tract - entrance from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery/trunk

Question 26

What level are the pulmonary veins situated at?

Answer 26

T5

Question 27

Where are the trabeculae carnae found?

Answer 27

Right and left ventricles

Question 28

What are the trabeculae carnae?

Answer 28

Rounded/irregular muscular columns which project from the inner surface of the left and right ventricles

Question 29

What is the function of the trabeculae carnae?

Answer 29

Pull on the AV valves to prevent inversion

Question 30

What is the aortic vestibule and where is it located?

Answer 30

Located in the superior region of the LV | LV outflow tract

Question 31

What is the name of the LV outflow tract?

Answer 31

Aortic vestibule.

Question 32

What is the name of the RV outflow tract?

Answer 32

Infundibulum/conus arteriosus

Question 32

What is the name of the RV outflow tract?

Answer 32

Infundibulum/conus arteriosus

Question 33

Where is the mitral/bicuspid valve found and how many leaflets does it have?

Answer 33

Left AV valve | 2 leaflets: anterior and posterior

Question 34

What surrounds the AV valves?

Answer 34

Left/right AV ring

Question 35

Where is the tricuspid valve found and how many leaflets does it have?

Answer 35

Right AV valve | 3 leaflets - anterior, posterior and septal

Question 36

What surrounds the semilunar valves?

Answer 36

Fibrous rings

Question 37

What is the atrioventricular bundle?

Answer 37

Collection of specialized heart cells for conduciton

Question 38

How many cusps does the pulmonary valve have?

Answer 38

3 - right, left and anterior

Question 39

How many cusps does the aortic valve have?

Answer 39

3 - right, left and posterior

Question 40

What is important to note about the aortic valve?

Answer 40

Associated with the coronary arteries. | The posterior cusp has no coronary artery.

Question 41

What is the name of the ligament found near the aorta and pulmonary trunk?

Answer 41

Ligamentum arteriosum

Question 42

What lines the internal surface and valves?

Answer 42

Endocardium

Question 43

What is found on the anterior walls of the atria?

Answer 43

Pectinate muscles

Question 44

What is found on the anterior walls of the ventricles?

Answer 44

Trabeculae carnae

Question 45

Name the branches off the aorta.

Answer 45

1 - Brachiocephalic artery - splits into right common carotid and right subclavian artery 2 - left common carotid 3 - left subclavian artery

Question 46

What veins join to form the SVC?

Answer 46

Right and left brachiocephalic veins

Question 47

What other vein feeds into the SVC?

Answer 47

Azygous vein

Question 48

What must be noted about the pulmonary veins and arteries?

Answer 48

Pulmonary veins are red - bring O2 blood from the lungs to the heart Pulmonary arteries are blue - take deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs

Question 49

Name the two major branches off the aorta.

Answer 49

Right and left coronary arteries

Question 50

What are the branches of the left coronary artery?

Answer 50

Anterior interventricular artery/LAD | Left circumflex artery

Question 51

What vein is near the anterior interventricular artery?

Answer 51

Great cardiac vein

Question 52

What vein is near the left circumflex artery?

Answer 52

Posterior vein of the left ventricle

Question 53

What branches come off the right coronary artery?

Answer 53

Marginal artery | Posterior interventricular artery

Question 54

What vein is near the marginal artery?

Answer 54

Small cardiac vein

Question 55

What vein is near the posterior interventricular artery?

Answer 55

Middle cardiac vein

Question 56

Where do the veins join?

Answer 56

Coronary sinus which drains into the right atrium

Question 57

Where do anastomoses form?

Answer 57

AIA and marginal artery/left circumflex | PIA and marginal artery/circumflex

Question 58

What is the function of anastomoses in the heart?

Answer 58

Provide alternative pathways for blood flow should blockages occur.