Anatomy

Question 1

function of basal ganglia

Answer 1

feedback mechanism to motor cortex for initiation and control of voluntary movement

Question 2

nuclei which are part of basal ganglia

Answer 2

caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus
subthalamic nucleus
substantia nigra

Question 3

lenticular nucleus = combo of?

Answer 3

putamen and globus pallidus

Question 4

striatum = combo of?

Answer 4

caudate nucleus and putamen

Question 5

corpus striatum = combo of

Answer 5

caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus

Question 6

afferent vs efferent

Answer 6

afferent = input (peripheral to central)

efferent = output (central to peripheral)

Question 7

how does info enter and leave the basal ganglia

Answer 7

into corpus striatum

exits via globus pallidus internus

Question 8

direct vs indirect pathway function

Answer 8

direct = excites motor cortex

indirect = inhibition of motor cortex (INdirect INhibits)

Question 9

dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway (DCML) carries what info

Answer 9

sensory info of fine touch, vibration and proprioception

Question 10

where does DCML cross

Answer 10

in medulla oblongata

Question 11

in DCML fasciculus cuneatus and fasciculus gracilis carry what

Answer 11

fasciculus = lateral part of column = from UPPER limb (T6 up)

gracilis = medial part of column = from lower limb (T6 down)

Question 12

anterolateral system carries what (spinothalamic system)

Answer 12

anterior = sensation of crude touch and pressure

laterall = sensation of pain and temperature

Question 13

where does the anterolateral system/spinothalamic tract cross

Answer 13

within spinal cord

Question 14

spinocerebellar tracts carry what info

Answer 14

unconscious proprioceptive information to help brain coordinate and refine motor movements

Question 15

neuron basic structure

Answer 15

soma (cell body)
dendrites
axons

Question 16

dendrites vs axons

Answer 16

dendrites = info towards cell body of neuron

axons = info away from cell body (a and a)

Question 17

glial cells are?

Answer 17

support cells for neuro system

Question 18

types of glial cells (4) in brain

Answer 18

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells

Question 19

astrocytes function

Answer 19

star shaped

support, maintain BBB, environmental homeostasis

Question 20

oligodendrocytes function

Answer 20

make myelin in CNS (not in PNS these are Schwann cells)

Question 21

microglia function

Answer 21

immune surveillance and antigen presentation (similar to macrophages)

Question 22

ependymal cell function

Answer 22

ciliated cuboidal/columnar epi which lines the ventricles

Question 23

grey matter vs white matter

Answer 23

grey = cell bodies

white matter = axons

Question 24

grey and white matter orientation in brain vs spinal cord

Answer 24

brain = grey outside, white inside

spinal cord: grey inside (H shape), white outside

Question 25

hidden lobe of brain + role

Answer 25

insular lobe/insula | role in pain

Question 26

layers of meninges (3)

Answer 26

superficial to deep dura matter arachnoid mater pia matter

Question 27

subarachnoid space contains what

Answer 27

cerebralspinal fluid

Question 28

ventricles of brain

Answer 28

lateral ventricles | 3rd and 4th ventricles

Question 29

Bipolar vs unipolar cell body location

Answer 29

bipolar = CNS unipolar = PNS

Question 30

signal carried by bipolar vs unipolar

Answer 30

bipolar = all motor neurons of skeletal muscles and ANS unipolar = sensory

Question 31

motor is ____ | sensory is ____

Answer 31

``` moter = efferent (output) sensory = afferent (input) ```

Question 32

nerves are?

Answer 32

collections of axons surrounded by CT and blood vessels

Question 33

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there and in what distribution

Answer 33

``` 31 pairs 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal ```

Question 34

where are the spinal nerve found

Answer 34

ONLY within the intervertebral foramina

Question 35

anterior and posterior spinal roots carry?

Answer 35

anterior = motor posterior = sensory "in the back and out the front"

Question 36

dermatome vs myotome

Answer 36

dermatome = area of skin (and some deeper structures) supplied with sensory innervation from a SINGLE spinal nerve myotome = motor innervation to muscles originating from a SINGLE spinal nerve

Question 37

nerve plexuses are

Answer 37

intermingled ANTERIOR rami from a number of adjacent spinal nerves

Question 38

cervical plexus nerve roots + where supply

Answer 38

C1-4 | posterior scalp, neck and diaphragm

Question 39

brachial plexus nerve roots + where supply

Answer 39

C5-T1 | upper limb

Question 40

lumbar plexus nerve roots + where supply

Answer 40

L1-L4 | lower limb

Question 41

sacral plexus nerve roots + where supply

Answer 41

L5-S4 | lower limb, gluteal region and perineum

Question 42

ANS?

Answer 42

involuntary nervous system split into sensory = visceral afferent (input) and motor = sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 43

summarise sympathetic outflow

Answer 43

thoracolumbar (T1-L2): Presynaptic symp axon exit spinal cord via ANTERIOR root (as motor). Then take 1 of 4 routes: HEART: presynapatic axons SYNAPSE in T1 OR cervical paravertebral ganglia -> cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves -> SA, AV nodes and myocardium LUNGS: presynaptic SYNAPSE in upper thoracic paravertebral ganglia -> cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves -> bronchial smooth muscle and mucous glands ABDOMINOPELVIC ORGANS: presynaptic SYNAPSE in one of prevertebral ganglia -> to foregut, kidney, midgut, hindgut and pelvic/perineal organs ADRENAL MEDULLA: presynaptic pass through aorticorenal ganglion to SYNAPSE directly onto its cells

Question 44

parasympathetic origins

Answer 44

craniosacral outflow: CN III, VII, IX, X and sacral spinal nerves (S2-4)

Question 45

CSF circulation route

Answer 45

choroid plexus in lateral ventricles -> 3rd ventricle via foramen of Munro -> 4th ventricle via aqueduct of Sylvius -> exit foramina of Luschka and Magendie in 4th ventricle -> subarachnoid space -> arachnoid granulations -> dural venous sinuses