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Neurology > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

function of basal ganglia

A

feedback mechanism to motor cortex for initiation and control of voluntary movement

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2
Q

nuclei which are part of basal ganglia

A 
caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus
subthalamic nucleus
substantia nigra
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3
Q

lenticular nucleus = combo of?

A

putamen and globus pallidus

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4
Q

striatum = combo of?

A

caudate nucleus and putamen

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5
Q

corpus striatum = combo of

A

caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus

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6
Q

afferent vs efferent

A

afferent = input (peripheral to central)

efferent = output (central to peripheral)

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7
Q

how does info enter and leave the basal ganglia

A

into corpus striatum

exits via globus pallidus internus

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8
Q

direct vs indirect pathway function

A

direct = excites motor cortex

indirect = inhibition of motor cortex (INdirect INhibits)

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9
Q

dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway (DCML) carries what info

A

sensory info of fine touch, vibration and proprioception

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10
Q

where does DCML cross

A

in medulla oblongata

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11
Q

in DCML fasciculus cuneatus and fasciculus gracilis carry what

A

fasciculus = lateral part of column = from UPPER limb (T6 up)

gracilis = medial part of column = from lower limb (T6 down)

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12
Q

anterolateral system carries what (spinothalamic system)

A

anterior = sensation of crude touch and pressure

laterall = sensation of pain and temperature

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13
Q

where does the anterolateral system/spinothalamic tract cross

A

within spinal cord

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14
Q

spinocerebellar tracts carry what info

A

unconscious proprioceptive information to help brain coordinate and refine motor movements

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15
Q

neuron basic structure

A

soma (cell body)
dendrites
axons

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16
Q

dendrites vs axons

A

dendrites = info towards cell body of neuron

axons = info away from cell body (a and a)

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17
Q

glial cells are?

A

support cells for neuro system

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18
Q

types of glial cells (4) in brain

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells

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19
Q

astrocytes function

A

star shaped

support, maintain BBB, environmental homeostasis

20
Q

oligodendrocytes function

A

make myelin in CNS (not in PNS these are Schwann cells)

21
Q

microglia function

A

immune surveillance and antigen presentation (similar to macrophages)

22
Q

ependymal cell function

A

ciliated cuboidal/columnar epi which lines the ventricles

23
Q

grey matter vs white matter

A

grey = cell bodies

white matter = axons

24
Q

grey and white matter orientation in brain vs spinal cord

A

brain = grey outside, white inside

spinal cord: grey inside (H shape), white outside

25
Q

hidden lobe of brain + role

A

insular lobe/insula

role in pain

26
Q

layers of meninges (3)

A

superficial to deep

dura matter
arachnoid mater
pia matter

27
Q

subarachnoid space contains what

A

cerebralspinal fluid

28
Q

ventricles of brain

A

lateral ventricles

3rd and 4th ventricles

29
Q

Bipolar vs unipolar cell body location

A

bipolar = CNS

unipolar = PNS

30
Q

signal carried by bipolar vs unipolar

A

bipolar = all motor neurons of skeletal muscles and ANS

unipolar = sensory

31
Q

motor is ____

sensory is ____

A 
moter = efferent (output)
sensory = afferent (input)
32
Q

nerves are?

A

collections of axons surrounded by CT and blood vessels

33
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there and in what distribution

A 
31 pairs
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
34
Q

where are the spinal nerve found

A

ONLY within the intervertebral foramina

35
Q

anterior and posterior spinal roots carry?

A

anterior = motor

posterior = sensory

“in the back and out the front”

36
Q

dermatome vs myotome

A

dermatome = area of skin (and some deeper structures) supplied with sensory innervation from a SINGLE spinal nerve

myotome = motor innervation to muscles originating from a SINGLE spinal nerve

37
Q

nerve plexuses are

A

intermingled ANTERIOR rami from a number of adjacent spinal nerves

38
Q

cervical plexus nerve roots + where supply

A

C1-4

posterior scalp, neck and diaphragm

39
Q

brachial plexus nerve roots + where supply

A

C5-T1

upper limb

40
Q

lumbar plexus nerve roots + where supply

A

L1-L4

lower limb

41
Q

sacral plexus nerve roots + where supply

A

L5-S4

lower limb, gluteal region and perineum

42
Q

ANS?

A

involuntary nervous system split into
sensory = visceral afferent (input)
and motor = sympathetic and parasympathetic

43
Q

summarise sympathetic outflow

A

thoracolumbar (T1-L2):
Presynaptic symp axon exit spinal cord via ANTERIOR root (as motor). Then take 1 of 4 routes:
HEART: presynapatic axons SYNAPSE in T1 OR cervical paravertebral ganglia -> cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves -> SA, AV nodes and myocardium
LUNGS: presynaptic SYNAPSE in upper thoracic paravertebral ganglia -> cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves -> bronchial smooth muscle and mucous glands
ABDOMINOPELVIC ORGANS: presynaptic SYNAPSE in one of prevertebral ganglia -> to foregut, kidney, midgut, hindgut and pelvic/perineal organs
ADRENAL MEDULLA: presynaptic pass through aorticorenal ganglion to SYNAPSE directly onto its cells

44
Q

parasympathetic origins

A

craniosacral outflow:
CN III, VII, IX, X
and sacral spinal nerves (S2-4)

45
Q

CSF circulation route

A

choroid plexus in lateral ventricles -> 3rd ventricle via foramen of Munro -> 4th ventricle via aqueduct of Sylvius -> exit foramina of Luschka and Magendie in 4th ventricle -> subarachnoid space -> arachnoid granulations -> dural venous sinuses

Neurology (6 decks)

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