Anatomy Flashcards
What is yogic anatomy?
focuses on our bodies, the sariras and koshas, chakras and nadis
What is modern anatomy?
“to cut” in Greek- focuses on the structure of organisms, how they are made in their individual parts
What is yogic physiology?
focuses on the flow of energy through our bodies
What is modern physiology?
study of nature- focuses on normal functions of organisms
Homeostasis
an adaptive, dynamic, ever-changing physiological process by which an organism maintains balance of temperature, glucose, toxins, pH, water, blood and air
How much of the human body is water?
60%-70%
How much of the water in the body is intracellular?
70%
99% of chemical reactions in the body require
water
What is an organ?
a group of tissues that structurally form a functional unit for a particular function
What are visceral organs?
organs within the thoracic or abdominal cavities (heart, lungs, liver, pancreas, intestines)
What is collagen?
The most abundant protein the body
triple helix
Forms fascia, tendons, ligaments, cartilage
What is a contraindication?
A reason not to do something
What are the 4 cavities of the body?
cranial
thoracic
adbominal
pelvic
What is the diaphragm?
separates thoracic and abdominal cavities, most important muscle of breathing
What is the relationship between the thoracic and abdominal cavity?
both open at one end to external environment
increased volume in one exerts a pressure on the other that increases the force required to function
What do cells do?
Respond to the environment in which they live. When changes are made to the body- cells do they adapting.
They:
eat, drink, respire, excrete, work, adapt, reproduce, die
Sagittal plane
bisects the body into right and left
Coronal plane
bisects the body into front and back
Transverse plane
bisects body into top and bottom
Medial/lateral
closer to/away from the midline
anterior/posterior
towards the front or back
superficial/deep
towards the skin/inside the body
flexion
decreases angle between two body parts
extension
increases angle between two body parts
circumduction
circular movement at a distal joint (wrist)
inversion/eversion
sole of foot towards/away from midline
Anterior tilt of pelvis
lumbar spine extension, increase in lordotic curve
hip flexors
lumbar extenders
posterior tilt of pelvis
lumbar spine flexion and loss of lordosis
hip extensors
abs
Scapular actions
protraction (hunch) retraction (open) depression (down) elevation (up) downward and upward rotation
tension
resistance from nervous system and soft tissues
usually behind movement
compression
bone meets bone, soft tissue meets soft tissue
usually in front of movement
functions of skeletal system
support protect leverage storage of minerals and lipids blood cell production endocrine regulation
Types of bones
long bones (provide leverage, femur, humerus) short bones (weight bearing, carpals and tarsals) flat bones( protection for tissue, scapula and skull) irregular bones (complex shapes, vertebrae) sesamoid bones (smalland flat held by tendon, patella)
Axial skeleton
Skull, vertebral column, sacrum and rib cage
for protection, balance and support
Appendicular skeleton
pelvis, arms and legs
locomotion and environmental manipulations
What plays a role in how flexible a joint is?
tension and compression
Types of joints
Fiberous
Cartilaginous
Synovial (6 subtypes)
Fiberous joint
very little movement
held together by collagen fibers
skull
cartilaginous joints
some movement
held together by cartilage
discs, pubis, sternum
synovial joints
bones separated by a joint cavity covered in hyaline cartilage lubricated by synovial fluid and enclosed in a joint capsule
shoulders, wrists etc.
Types of synovial joints
hinge pivot ball and socket condyloid saddle plane
hinge joint
knee, elbow, ankle
flexion and extension
pivot joint
radioulnar joint, atlas and axis
rotation along the long axis of the moving bone
ball and socket joint
shoulder joint, hip joint
flexion, extensions, ab/adduction, rotation, circumduction
joint capsule
connective tissue encasement that houses the working parts of the joint
contains synovial membrane
covering for ligament and tendon
half resists the movement
synovial fluid
viscous fluid in the cavities of synovial joints secreted by synovial membrane
lubricant and shock absorber
articular cartilage
covers whole of joint surface
attached to underlying bone
1-2mm thick
smooth and free surface allowing bones to glide across one another
3 types of muscle
cardiac-only in the heart (involuntary)
smooth- part of almost every organ (regulate blood flow and movement through organs (involuntary)
skeletal-attached to skeleton, move body (voluntary)
Functions of muscle
maintain posture joint stabilization skeletal movement blood circulation respiration digestion protect organs guard entrances and exits maintain body temperature store nutrient reserves
agonist
prime mover
muscle responsible for generating the main active force of movement (usually shortening)
antagonist
acts in opposition to the specific movement (usually lengthening
concentric contraction
muscle shortens while contracting
eccentric contraction
muscle lengthens while contracting
isometric contraction
muscle maintains length while contracting
reciprocal inhibition
inhibits opposing muscle’s function
myotatcic reflex
muscle fibers contract and resist stretching
first thing to stop you in a stretch
Postural muscles
maintain upright posture (largely slow twitch)
running down front an back of body applying equal and opposite forces to oppose gravity
to overcome dysfunction they become more tense
phasic muscles
mainly responsible for movement
if damaged, body avoids moving them by altering movement patters
active static stretching
contracting a muscle to stretch the target antagonist muscle
contracting quads stretches hammies
passive static stretching
relax into stretch using only body weight
yin
tendons
link muscle to bone
can withstand tension
resistant to lengthening
injury= strain
ligaments
link bone to bone
improve joint stability
more flexible than tendons
injury= sprain
Bones of the spine
7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacrum (fused) 4 coccyx (fused)
Lordotic curve
arch
Kyphotic curve
hunch
How many dics in vertebrae
23
Spinal movement important to know:
lumbar doesn’t rotate much, thoracic doesn’t extend much
Spinal dics
shock absorbers between vertebrae
bulging disc
Bulging disks occur when the spongy disks between the vertebrae become compressed and bulge out
may press on ligaments or nerves
herniated disc
A herniated disc (also called bulged, slipped or ruptured) is a fragment of the disc nucleus that is pushed out of the annulus, into the spinal canal through a tear or rupture in the annulus. Discs that become herniated usually are in an early stage of degeneration.
Sciatic nerve
longest nerve in body
Sciatica
persistent pain along sciatic nerve
usually caused by issues with the sciatic nerve and piriformis
Fascia
separates and connects everything in the body has sponge-like qualities is like a spider web stronger than steel triple helix surrounds everything support and communication network strength and stability
3 layers of fascia
superficial- aereolar tissue and fat (insulating and padding)
deep- connective tissue that surrounds muscles
visceral- lines cavities and visceral organs (protects and reduces friction)
Elastin
return to original length after stretching
allows you to run, jump etc
ECM- extra cellular matrix
where fascia lives provide structural and biochemical support of surrounding cells made up of a tough fiber matrix gel substance (lubricant) allows for diffusion of nutrients
Myo-fascia
what surrounds, connects and separated muscles and muscle fibers
epimysium
outside muscle
perimysium
divides muscle into fiber bundles
endomysium
separates muscle fibers
Force transmission
force goes from muscle to bone via tendon, but really affects everything (if you pull one edge of the mat, the whole mat moves)
How does stretching help fascia
mechanical lengthening and realignment
tissue hydration
neural stimulation
fibrolast stimulation
Restoring correct function to tissue
reabsorb connective tissue (rolling lemon)
eliminate strain (massage/yoga)
strengthen opposite muscle
Superficial back line
Toes to knees, knees to brow
Superficial front line
toes to pelvis, pelvis to head (loops around back of head)
Lateral line
foot to outside of ankle, up outside of leg, laces under shoulder to skull
spiral line
loops around body
deep front line
underside of foot to underside of cranium
What is the respiratory system made of?
Nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs
What is respiration
the process of gaseous exchange from the external environment to the cells
What are the three types of respiration?
External- diffusion of o2 and co2 between the lungs and the blood
internal- exchange between blood to capillaries and tissue fluids, then to and from cells
cellular- inter cellular metabolic reactions
Aerobic vs anaerobic respiration
Aerobic requires o2 and releases a lot of energy
anaerobic does not
inspiration
an active process that results from the contraction of muscles
expiration
passive and active
What happens with the diaphragm when you inhale?
It contracts, creates a vacuum in the lungs filled with air
Where are the intercostal muscles?
Between ribs
External Intercostals
expand when you inhale to open the ribcage and bring more space
Internal intercostals
shorten the ribcage during expiration
Main accessory muscles of breathing
sternocleidomastoid
scalene muscles
pectoralis minor
Structures of the cardiovascular system
heart and blood vessels
What is the heart
hollow organ located slightly left of center made primarily of thick cardia muscle covered in a fascial sac (pericardium)
What does the right side of the heart do?
pumps blood to lungs (pulmonary circulation)
What does the left side of the heart do?
pumps blood to body (systematic circulation)
Arteries and arterioles
carry oxygenated blood away from heart, have thick muscular walls, can contract
Veins and venules
carry de-oxygenated blood back to the heart
contain valves
gravity is working against them
capillaries
carry co2 and o2, connect arterioles and venules
where diffusion of o2, nutrients and co2 occurs
How much blood is in the body
5-6 liters
How much of the blood is plasma
55-60%
Functions of blood
carries 02 and co2
carries nutrients from the digestive system to cells
carries waste materials from cells to excretory organs
carries hormones
maintains water balance and body temperature
carries cells and anti-bodies
clots after injuries
What is the lymphatic system
subsystem of the circulatory system
complex network of vessels, tissues and organs that maintain balance of fluids, defend against infection
What is the small intestine
6-7m long, designed to absorb food
What is the large intestine
1.5 m long divided into the ascending, transverse and descending colon
What is the liver
synthesis of bile detox stores excess glucose stores vit A and D produces heat
What is the appendix
It sits where your small intestine meets your large intestine. it may serve as a reservoir for beneficial gut bacteria
Organs of the urinary system
kidneys
ureters
bladder
urethra
functions of kidneys
extraction and expulsion of waste and toxins maintains water level maintains balance of salts and minerals regulation of ph production of hormones
What is the central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
3 main functions of nervous system
collect sensory input from the body and environment
process and interpret input
respond to input
The peripheral nervous system is made up of
somatic and autonomic nervous systems
Somatic nervous system
relates to voluntary movement
Autonomic nervous system
innervates smooth involuntary muscles
Autonomic Nervous system is split into
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
Sympathetic nervous system
fight, flight or freeze
Parasympathetic nervous system
rest and digest
