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Space YTT > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is yogic anatomy?

A

focuses on our bodies, the sariras and koshas, chakras and nadis

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2
Q

What is modern anatomy?

A

“to cut” in Greek- focuses on the structure of organisms, how they are made in their individual parts

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3
Q

What is yogic physiology?

A

focuses on the flow of energy through our bodies

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4
Q

What is modern physiology?

A

study of nature- focuses on normal functions of organisms

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5
Q

Homeostasis

A

an adaptive, dynamic, ever-changing physiological process by which an organism maintains balance of temperature, glucose, toxins, pH, water, blood and air

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6
Q

How much of the human body is water?

A

60%-70%

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7
Q

How much of the water in the body is intracellular?

A

70%

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8
Q

99% of chemical reactions in the body require

A

water

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9
Q

What is an organ?

A

a group of tissues that structurally form a functional unit for a particular function

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10
Q

What are visceral organs?

A

organs within the thoracic or abdominal cavities (heart, lungs, liver, pancreas, intestines)

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11
Q

What is collagen?

A

The most abundant protein the body
triple helix
Forms fascia, tendons, ligaments, cartilage

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12
Q

What is a contraindication?

A

A reason not to do something

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13
Q

What are the 4 cavities of the body?

A

cranial
thoracic
adbominal
pelvic

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14
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

separates thoracic and abdominal cavities, most important muscle of breathing

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15
Q

What is the relationship between the thoracic and abdominal cavity?

A

both open at one end to external environment

increased volume in one exerts a pressure on the other that increases the force required to function

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16
Q

What do cells do?

A

Respond to the environment in which they live. When changes are made to the body- cells do they adapting.
They:
eat, drink, respire, excrete, work, adapt, reproduce, die

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17
Q

Sagittal plane

A

bisects the body into right and left

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18
Q

Coronal plane

A

bisects the body into front and back

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19
Q

Transverse plane

A

bisects body into top and bottom

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20
Q

Medial/lateral

A

closer to/away from the midline

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21
Q

anterior/posterior

A

towards the front or back

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22
Q

superficial/deep

A

towards the skin/inside the body

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23
Q

flexion

A

decreases angle between two body parts

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24
Q

extension

A

increases angle between two body parts

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25
Q

circumduction

A

circular movement at a distal joint (wrist)

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26
Q

inversion/eversion

A

sole of foot towards/away from midline

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27
Q

Anterior tilt of pelvis

A

lumbar spine extension, increase in lordotic curve

hip flexors
lumbar extenders

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28
Q

posterior tilt of pelvis

A

lumbar spine flexion and loss of lordosis

hip extensors
abs

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29
Q

Scapular actions

A 
protraction (hunch)
retraction (open)
depression (down)
elevation (up)
downward and upward rotation
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30
Q

tension

A

resistance from nervous system and soft tissues

usually behind movement

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31
Q

compression

A

bone meets bone, soft tissue meets soft tissue

usually in front of movement

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32
Q

functions of skeletal system

A 
support
protect
leverage
storage of minerals and lipids
blood cell production
endocrine regulation
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33
Q

Types of bones

A 
long bones (provide leverage, femur, humerus)
short bones (weight bearing, carpals and tarsals)
flat bones( protection for tissue, scapula and skull)
irregular bones (complex shapes, vertebrae)
sesamoid bones (smalland flat held by tendon, patella)
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34
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Skull, vertebral column, sacrum and rib cage

for protection, balance and support

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35
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

pelvis, arms and legs

locomotion and environmental manipulations

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36
Q

What plays a role in how flexible a joint is?

A

tension and compression

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37
Q

Types of joints

A

Fiberous
Cartilaginous
Synovial (6 subtypes)

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38
Q

Fiberous joint

A

very little movement
held together by collagen fibers
skull

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39
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

some movement
held together by cartilage
discs, pubis, sternum

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40
Q

synovial joints

A

bones separated by a joint cavity covered in hyaline cartilage lubricated by synovial fluid and enclosed in a joint capsule
shoulders, wrists etc.

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41
Q

Types of synovial joints

A 
hinge
pivot
ball and socket
condyloid
saddle
plane
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42
Q

hinge joint

A

knee, elbow, ankle

flexion and extension

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43
Q

pivot joint

A

radioulnar joint, atlas and axis

rotation along the long axis of the moving bone

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44
Q

ball and socket joint

A

shoulder joint, hip joint

flexion, extensions, ab/adduction, rotation, circumduction

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45
Q

joint capsule

A

connective tissue encasement that houses the working parts of the joint
contains synovial membrane
covering for ligament and tendon
half resists the movement

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46
Q

synovial fluid

A

viscous fluid in the cavities of synovial joints secreted by synovial membrane
lubricant and shock absorber

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47
Q

articular cartilage

A

covers whole of joint surface
attached to underlying bone
1-2mm thick
smooth and free surface allowing bones to glide across one another

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48
Q

3 types of muscle

A

cardiac-only in the heart (involuntary)
smooth- part of almost every organ (regulate blood flow and movement through organs (involuntary)
skeletal-attached to skeleton, move body (voluntary)

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49
Q

Functions of muscle

A 
maintain posture
joint stabilization 
skeletal movement
blood circulation
respiration
digestion
protect organs
guard entrances and exits
maintain body temperature
store nutrient reserves
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50
Q

agonist

A

prime mover

muscle responsible for generating the main active force of movement (usually shortening)

51
Q

antagonist

A

acts in opposition to the specific movement (usually lengthening

52
Q

concentric contraction

A

muscle shortens while contracting

53
Q

eccentric contraction

A

muscle lengthens while contracting

54
Q

isometric contraction

A

muscle maintains length while contracting

55
Q

reciprocal inhibition

A

inhibits opposing muscle’s function

56
Q

myotatcic reflex

A

muscle fibers contract and resist stretching

first thing to stop you in a stretch

57
Q

Postural muscles

A

maintain upright posture (largely slow twitch)
running down front an back of body applying equal and opposite forces to oppose gravity
to overcome dysfunction they become more tense

58
Q

phasic muscles

A

mainly responsible for movement

if damaged, body avoids moving them by altering movement patters

59
Q

active static stretching

A

contracting a muscle to stretch the target antagonist muscle

contracting quads stretches hammies

60
Q

passive static stretching

A

relax into stretch using only body weight

yin

61
Q

tendons

A

link muscle to bone
can withstand tension
resistant to lengthening
injury= strain

62
Q

ligaments

A

link bone to bone
improve joint stability
more flexible than tendons
injury= sprain

63
Q

Bones of the spine

A 
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacrum (fused)
4 coccyx (fused)
64
Q

Lordotic curve

A

arch

65
Q

Kyphotic curve

A

hunch

66
Q

How many dics in vertebrae

A

23

67
Q

Spinal movement important to know:

A

lumbar doesn’t rotate much, thoracic doesn’t extend much

68
Q

Spinal dics

A

shock absorbers between vertebrae

69
Q

bulging disc

A

Bulging disks occur when the spongy disks between the vertebrae become compressed and bulge out
may press on ligaments or nerves

70
Q

herniated disc

A

A herniated disc (also called bulged, slipped or ruptured) is a fragment of the disc nucleus that is pushed out of the annulus, into the spinal canal through a tear or rupture in the annulus. Discs that become herniated usually are in an early stage of degeneration.

71
Q

Sciatic nerve

A

longest nerve in body

72
Q

Sciatica

A

persistent pain along sciatic nerve

usually caused by issues with the sciatic nerve and piriformis

73
Q

Fascia

A 
separates and connects everything in the body
has sponge-like qualities
is like a spider web
stronger than steel
triple helix
surrounds everything
support and communication network
strength and stability
74
Q

3 layers of fascia

A

superficial- aereolar tissue and fat (insulating and padding)
deep- connective tissue that surrounds muscles
visceral- lines cavities and visceral organs (protects and reduces friction)

75
Q

Elastin

A

return to original length after stretching

allows you to run, jump etc

76
Q

ECM- extra cellular matrix

A 
where fascia lives
provide structural and biochemical support of surrounding cells
made up of a tough fiber matrix
gel substance (lubricant)
allows for diffusion of nutrients
77
Q

Myo-fascia

A

what surrounds, connects and separated muscles and muscle fibers

78
Q

epimysium

A

outside muscle

79
Q

perimysium

A

divides muscle into fiber bundles

80
Q

endomysium

A

separates muscle fibers

81
Q

Force transmission

A

force goes from muscle to bone via tendon, but really affects everything (if you pull one edge of the mat, the whole mat moves)

82
Q

How does stretching help fascia

A

mechanical lengthening and realignment
tissue hydration
neural stimulation
fibrolast stimulation

83
Q

Restoring correct function to tissue

A

reabsorb connective tissue (rolling lemon)
eliminate strain (massage/yoga)
strengthen opposite muscle

84
Q

Superficial back line

A

Toes to knees, knees to brow

85
Q

Superficial front line

A

toes to pelvis, pelvis to head (loops around back of head)

86
Q

Lateral line

A

foot to outside of ankle, up outside of leg, laces under shoulder to skull

87
Q

spiral line

A

loops around body

88
Q

deep front line

A

underside of foot to underside of cranium

89
Q

What is the respiratory system made of?

A

Nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs

90
Q

What is respiration

A

the process of gaseous exchange from the external environment to the cells

91
Q

What are the three types of respiration?

A

External- diffusion of o2 and co2 between the lungs and the blood
internal- exchange between blood to capillaries and tissue fluids, then to and from cells
cellular- inter cellular metabolic reactions

92
Q

Aerobic vs anaerobic respiration

A

Aerobic requires o2 and releases a lot of energy

anaerobic does not

93
Q

inspiration

A

an active process that results from the contraction of muscles

94
Q

expiration

A

passive and active

95
Q

What happens with the diaphragm when you inhale?

A

It contracts, creates a vacuum in the lungs filled with air

96
Q

Where are the intercostal muscles?

A

Between ribs

97
Q

External Intercostals

A

expand when you inhale to open the ribcage and bring more space

98
Q

Internal intercostals

A

shorten the ribcage during expiration

99
Q

Main accessory muscles of breathing

A

sternocleidomastoid
scalene muscles
pectoralis minor

100
Q

Structures of the cardiovascular system

A

heart and blood vessels

101
Q

What is the heart

A

hollow organ located slightly left of center made primarily of thick cardia muscle covered in a fascial sac (pericardium)

102
Q

What does the right side of the heart do?

A

pumps blood to lungs (pulmonary circulation)

103
Q

What does the left side of the heart do?

A

pumps blood to body (systematic circulation)

104
Q

Arteries and arterioles

A

carry oxygenated blood away from heart, have thick muscular walls, can contract

105
Q

Veins and venules

A

carry de-oxygenated blood back to the heart
contain valves
gravity is working against them

106
Q

capillaries

A

carry co2 and o2, connect arterioles and venules

where diffusion of o2, nutrients and co2 occurs

107
Q

How much blood is in the body

A

5-6 liters

108
Q

How much of the blood is plasma

A

55-60%

109
Q

Functions of blood

A

carries 02 and co2
carries nutrients from the digestive system to cells
carries waste materials from cells to excretory organs
carries hormones
maintains water balance and body temperature
carries cells and anti-bodies
clots after injuries

110
Q

What is the lymphatic system

A

subsystem of the circulatory system

complex network of vessels, tissues and organs that maintain balance of fluids, defend against infection

111
Q

What is the small intestine

A

6-7m long, designed to absorb food

112
Q

What is the large intestine

A

1.5 m long divided into the ascending, transverse and descending colon

113
Q

What is the liver

A 
synthesis of bile
detox
stores excess glucose
stores vit A and D
produces heat
114
Q

What is the appendix

A

It sits where your small intestine meets your large intestine. it may serve as a reservoir for beneficial gut bacteria

115
Q

Organs of the urinary system

A

kidneys
ureters
bladder
urethra

116
Q

functions of kidneys

A 
extraction and expulsion of waste and toxins
maintains water level
maintains balance of salts and minerals
regulation of ph
production of hormones
117
Q

What is the central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

118
Q

3 main functions of nervous system

A

collect sensory input from the body and environment
process and interpret input
respond to input

119
Q

The peripheral nervous system is made up of

A

somatic and autonomic nervous systems

120
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

relates to voluntary movement

121
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

innervates smooth involuntary muscles

122
Q

Autonomic Nervous system is split into

A

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

123
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

fight, flight or freeze

124
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

rest and digest

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