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Digestive System > Anatomy 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy 1 Flashcards

0
Q

6 key digestive processes

A 
Ingestion
Secretion 
Mixing/propulsion
Digestion
Absorption
Elimination
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1
Q

8 components of alimentary/digestive/ gastrointestinal tract

A 
Mouth
Oropharynx
Oesophagus 
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum
Anal canal
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2
Q

What substances are secreted during the digestion process

A 
Digestive juices
Water
Acid
Emulsifiers
Buffers
Enzymes
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3
Q

What is the mixing and propulsion of food through digestive tract known as

A

Peristalsis

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4
Q

Two types digestion in digestive tract

A

Mechanical

Chemical

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5
Q

During absorption in the digestive process, substances pass through the walls in alimentary canal into

A

Blood

Lymph

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6
Q

3 salivary glands

A

parotid
sublingual
submandular

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7
Q

what does food change into

A

bolus, chyme, faeces

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8
Q

passage from mouth to epiglottis called

A

pharynx

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9
Q

two parts of peritoneum

A

parietal - lines abdominal wall

visceral - suspends organs within abdomen

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10
Q

visceral peritoneum also known as

A

mesenteries

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11
Q

specialised double fold of fatty peritoneum hanging from the staomach

A

omentum

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12
Q

endocrine/exocrine gland difference

A

endocrine > blood

exocrine > tissues

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13
Q

3 parts small intestine

A

duodenum
jejenum
ilium

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14
Q

1st place for carb breakdown

A

mouth

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15
Q

1st place for protein breakdown

A

stomach

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16
Q

endo/exocrine functions of pancreas

A

endocrine - insulin into blood

exocrine - enzymes into duodenum

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17
Q

5 layers comprise structure alimentary canal

A 
peritoneum
longitudinal muscle layer
circular muscle layer
submucosa
mucosa
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18
Q

2 plexus in alimentary canal structure are where

A

submucosal plexus in submucosa

myenteric plexus in longitudinal muscle layer

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19
Q

inner most layer of the GIT

A

Mucosa layer

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20
Q

3 layers of mucosa layer of GIT

A

Mucous epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosae

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21
Q

2 kinds mucous epithelium in GIT

A

mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, anus - non-keratinised epithelium
stomach, intestines - epthithelium with MICROVILLI
and GOBLET CELLS

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22
Q

function of goblet cells

A

secrete mucous
lubricates
protects agains digestive juice erosion

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23
Q

what are enteroendocrine cells - located in epithelium with Microvilli and goblet cells

A

specialised endocrine cells that secrete hormones into blood

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24
Q

what are serotonin, gastrin, motilin, cholecystokinin (cck)

A

hormones secreted into blood by enteroendocrine cells

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25
Q

what does lamina propria support

A

blood vessels - providing routes for nutrients to reach tissues

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26
Q

what is MALT and GALT

A

Mucosa Associted Lymphoid Tissue

Gut associated Lymphoid tissues

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27
Q

where is gut associated lymphoid tissue found

A

tonsils, oesophagus, small intestine, appendix, large intestine

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28
Q

what do children rely heavily upon while their immune systems develop (has malt)

A

tonsils & adenoids

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29
Q

serotonin is both a - and a -

A

hormone and neuro-transmitter

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30
Q

about 70% of the body’s immune system is found in the

A

GIT

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31
Q

What is GALT in the Lamina Propria made up of

A

several types lymphoid tissue containing immune cells - e.g. lymphocytes for protection
and Peyers patches

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32
Q

where are peyers patches located

A

aggregations of GALT in lamina propria of ileum extending into submucosa

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33
Q

what are peters patches comprised of

A

GALT
WBCs, B&T Lymphocytes
dendritic cells

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34
Q

Describe muscularis mucosae

A

v thin layer of smooth muscle tissue

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35
Q

function of muscularis mucosae

A

creates small folds which increase surface area for absorption/assimilation

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36
Q

where is submucosa layer in GIT

A

between mucosa and circular muscle layers

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37
Q

submucosa layer is connective tissue containing -

A

blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves and some have lymphoid tissues

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38
Q

Muscle layers of GIT known as

A

Muscularis

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39
Q

2 layers of muscularis

A

inner circular muscle

outer longitudinal muscle

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40
Q

muscularis in GIT is mostly

A

SMOOTH INVOLUNTARY

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41
Q

where are voluntary muscles in GIT

A

mouth, pharynx, upper oesophagus & anal sphincter

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42
Q

involuntary contractions of smooth muscle in GIT aids

A

mixing food with digestive juices

peristalsis

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43
Q

between muscle layers are -

A

NEURONS - MYENTERIC PLEXUS

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44
Q

which is the largest serous membrane of the body

A

peritoneum

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45
Q

the peritoneum is supplied with many vessels of which type

A

blood

lymph

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46
Q

what does the peritoneum act as a barrier to

A

local spread of infection

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47
Q

what is ascites

A

accumulation of fluid in peritoneum (can be a few litres)

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48
Q

what is peritonitis

A

acute inflammation of peritoneum

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49
Q

how does ascites occur

A

insufficient protein (albumin) to maintain osmotic pressure in BVs

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50
Q

how many layers does greater momentum have

A

2, fold over each other to form 4

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51
Q

greater omentum contains considerable amount of what tissue

A

adipose

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52
Q

what is momentum full of (immune related)

A

lymph nodes containing macrphages and plasma cells - produce antibodies - combat/contain infections of GIT

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53
Q

brain of gut known as

A

Enteric nervous system

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54
Q

how does enteric nervous system function in relation to autonomic nervous system

A

functions independently but regulated by

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55
Q

2 plexuses of enteric nervous system

A

myenteric (auerbach’s plexus)

submucosal plexus

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56
Q

myenteric plexus location and function

A

between circular/longitudinal muscles of muscular is layer

controls mainly GIT motility

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57
Q

submucosa plexus location/function

A

between muscular is and submucosal layer

controls glandular/digestive SECRETIONS

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58
Q

3 types neurons

A

motor neurons
sensory neurons
interneurons

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59
Q

function of interneurons

A

connect 2 plexuses

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60
Q

function of sensory neurons

A

act as chemoreceptors and stretch receptors

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61
Q

blood supply to alimentary canal

A

via arteries from aorta

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62
Q

function of motor neurons

A

control motility in myenteric and secretions in submucosal

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63
Q

blood return to heart from alimentary canal via which veins

A

portal

iliac

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64
Q

portal vein serves which parts of GIT

A 
lower oesophagus
stomach
pancreas
small & large intestine
part of rectum & spleen
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65
Q

iliac veins serves which part of GIT

A

lower part of rectum

anal canal

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66
Q

which are the fat soluble vitamins

A

A D E K

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67
Q

water soluble vitamins

A

C B

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68
Q

Which organ is the storage place for fat soluble vitamins

A

Liver

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69
Q

inner surface of mouth are

A

mucous membranes

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70
Q

what is the tongue attached to

A

hyoid bone

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71
Q

Surface of tongue covered with what

A

papillae - contain taste buds

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72
Q

what is pharynx reflex action

A

bolus is pushed by tongue into pharynx closing nasopharynx

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73
Q

how many teeth

A

32 (20 temporary)

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74
Q

3 parts of tooth

A

crown, neck, root

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75
Q

how is saliva produced

A

via reflex controlled by autonomic nervous system

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76
Q

how much saliva do we produce a day

A

1.5 litres - lubricates mouth/mucous membranes

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77
Q

what happens to saliva once it is swallowed

A

components reabsorbed

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78
Q

what happens during dehydration

A

saliva is stopped - thirst sensation

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79
Q

sympathetic nervous system has what effect on saliva

A

reduces salivation - thicker saliva, dry mouth

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80
Q

which nervous system controls continuos salivation

A

parasympathetic

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81
Q

which 2 main enzymes are present in saliva

A

salivary amylase,

lysozyme

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82
Q

pH of saliva -

A

6.35 - 6.85

mildly acidic

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83
Q

constituents of saliva

A 
water - 99/5%
mineral salts
enzymes
mucous
immunoglobulins
blood clotting factors
84
Q

7 functions of saliva

A

digestion - chemical breakdown of polysaccharides
lubricating & dissolving food
cleansing of oral cavity & teeth
defence (immunoglobulins & lysozymes)
taste
buffer for acidic foods
waste removal - urea/uric acid from the body

85
Q

urea is a byproduct of what

A

breakdown of ammonia

86
Q

ibuprofen cuts off what

A

mucous supply in gut. - protection against stomach ulcers

87
Q

oesophagus passes through what on it’s way to the stomach

A

diaphragm

88
Q

skin fold which occludes the trachea

A

epiglottis

89
Q

what acts as a seal on the stomach to prevent reflux into oesophagus

A

lower oesophageal sphincter

90
Q

lower oesophageal relaxants

A 
spicy food
caffeine
mint
tomatoes
alcohol
acidic food
fatty food
citrus
91
Q

4 main regions of stomach

A

cardia
fundus
body
pyloric

92
Q

what is the cephalic phase of digestion

A

brain-linked -

taste/smell/sound of food stimulates gastric juice production in stomach before food arrives in it

93
Q

3 exocrine glands in stomach

A

parietal cells
chief cells
goblet cells

94
Q

function of goblet cells

A

secrete mucous

95
Q

function of chief cells

A

secrete pepsinogen & lipase enzymes into stomach for digestion of proteins & lipids

96
Q

what is pepsinogen converted into in the stomach

A

the enzyme pepsin for protein digestion

97
Q

what do parietal cells produce

A

intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid in the stomach

IF & HCI

98
Q

IF is necessary for what

A

B12 absorption

99
Q

3 functions of HCI

A

activates enzymes for digestion
antimicrobial agent for ingested microbes
denatures proteins

100
Q

total daily secretions of stomach (mucous and gastric juices)

A

2-3L per day

101
Q

pH of stomach

A

1.5-2 extremely acidic

102
Q

take what to increase stomach acid

A

ACV

103
Q

6 functions of stomach

A

mixing chamber - mechanical digestion
holding reservoir
defence
absorption (limited) water, alcohol, lipid soluble drugs
digestion - limited chemical digestion proteins & lipids
iron - solubilised

104
Q

2 hormones produced in stomach

A

Ghrelin

Gastrin

105
Q

role of Ghrelin

A

hormone.
stimulates hunger, gastric motility,
growth hormone secretion

106
Q

role of gastrin

A

hormone
produced by G cells
promotes gastric juice secretion
increases gastric motility

107
Q

what are hiccups

A

air cuaght in fundus

108
Q

how long after eating does the body know its full

A

20 mins

109
Q

most of what happens in the small intestine

A

digestion

absorption

110
Q

what extra muscular layer does the stomach have

A

an inner oblique layer

111
Q

2 sphincters at either end of stomach

A

lower oesophageal sphincter

pyloric sphincter

112
Q

folds in the stomach are called

A

rugae

113
Q

inner membrane of stomach known as

A

serosa

114
Q

how long is small intestine

A

6 metres approx

115
Q

folds of small intestine called

A

villi

116
Q

function of villi in small intestine

A

maximise surface area,

optimise digestion & absorption

117
Q

3 regions of small intestine top > bottom

A

duodenum
jejunum
ilium

118
Q

what happens in duodenum

A

most emulsification and digestion happens here

119
Q

what happens in jejunum

A

most absorption happens here

120
Q

what happens in ilium

A

Vit B12 is absorbed

121
Q

ph of small intestine

A

8 - mildly basic

122
Q

5 cells found in small intestine

A 
aborptive
goblet
paneth
endocrine
duodenal (brunners) glands
123
Q

function absorptive cells small intestine

A

digest/absorb nutrients

124
Q

function paneth cells small intestine

A

secrete lysozyme - antimicrobial enzyme

125
Q

types of endocrine cells small inyestine

A

s cells, ccl cells, k cells - secrete hormones

126
Q

function of duodenal (brunner’s glands) small intestine

A

secrete alkaline mucous to neutralise stomach acidity

127
Q

2 types capillaries in villi

A

blood capillaries

lacteals - lymph capillaries

128
Q

functions of blood capillaries and lacteals in villi

A

absorb nutrients into blood & lymph

129
Q

total secretions of small intestine

A

approx 1.5l daily

130
Q

11 enzymes found in small intestines

A 
pancreatic amylase
trypsin
chymotrypsin
dipeptidase
aminopeptidase
pancreatic liipase
ribonuclease
deoxyribonuclease
nucleosidases
phosphatases
131
Q

two types of enzyme found in small intestine

A

pancreatic

brush border

132
Q

definition of brush border enzyme

A

enzymes attached to the lining of the intestine not free in the lumen

133
Q

4 brush border enzymes in small intestine and functions

A

dipeptidase - digests protein
aminopeptidase - digests protein

nucleosidaeses - digests RNA/DNA
phosphateses - digests RNA/DNA

134
Q

pancreatic enzymes in small intestine & functions

A

pancreatic amylase - breakdown starches

trypsin - protein digestion
chymotrypsin - protein digestion
carboxypeptidase - protein digestion

pancreatic lipase - lipid digestion

ribonuclease - digests RNA
deoxyribonuclease - digests RNA

135
Q

7 hormones found in small intestine

A 
S cells - secretin
CCk cells - cck
K cells - 
Peptide YY (PYY)
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)
Gastrin releaseing peptide (GRP) (bombesin)
136
Q

Role of S cells

A

secretes secretin - stimulates pancreatic juice and bile production

137
Q

role of CCK cells

A

secretes hormone CCK (cholocystokonin
stimulates pancreatic juice/bile production, decreases gastric juice & motility.
stimulates pyloric sphincter closure and sateity

138
Q

K cells role

A

produces hormone which stimulates insulin production by pancreas

139
Q

role of Peptide YY PYY

A

reduces appetite, inhibits insulin production by pancreas

140
Q

role of Gastric inhibitory peptide

A

stimulates insulin production

141
Q

role of Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)

A

stimulates insulin secretion

inhibits glucagon secretion

142
Q

role of Gastrin releasing pap tide (GRP) (Bombesin)

A

potent stimulant of gastrin/pancreatic secretions
triggers CCK release
supresses appetite

143
Q

length of large intesine

A

1.5 m

144
Q

are enzymes produced in large intesine

A

no just mucous

145
Q

4 regions of large intestine

A

Cecum
colon - ascending, transverse, descending
rectum
anal canal

146
Q

where is the appendix located

A

attached to Cecum - twisted coiled tube

147
Q

what does the large intestine absorb

A

water
minerals
vitamins
some drugs

148
Q

why could you not use oral drugs as suppositories

A

they are much stronger than suppositories as are designed to survive hepatic 1st pass

149
Q

Large intestine contains 100 trillion ?

A

microbes (bacteria)

150
Q

how much bacteria in faeces

A

30-50%

151
Q

what happens to remaining carbs in large intestine

A

fermented, producing hydrogen and amino acids

152
Q

what happens to some toxic products of bacterial fermentation in the large intestine

A

some are absorbed, transported to liver

then exreted in urine

153
Q

what vitamins are produced in large intestine

A

Vit B12, Vit K

fatty acids

154
Q

describe defecation

A

mass peristaltic movements push feacal matter into rectum

stimulates stretch receptors and defaction reflex

155
Q

bowel movements vary depending on

A 
diet
health
stress
exercise
emotions
hydration
156
Q

3 accessory organs of alimentary canal

A

liver
gallbladder
pancreas

157
Q

how does liver compare to other glands/organs in body

A

heaviest gland

2nd largest organ after skin

158
Q

how much blood does the liver filter

A

1.4 litres per MINUTE!

159
Q

how does the liver receive it’s oxygenated blood

A

via hepatic artery

160
Q

what does the portal vein bring into the liver

A

nutrient and toxin rich blood

161
Q

describe hepatic first pass

A

ALL BLOOD from GIT is transported to liver (via portal vein) to be filtered/metabolised before going into systemic circulation

162
Q

where does blood from portal vein and hepatic artery mix

A

in sinusoids

163
Q

what are sinusoids

A

columns/capillaries between hepatocytes

164
Q

which phagocytic cells are found in liver which remove foreign bodies from blood

A

Kupffer cells

165
Q

where does the filtered blood from the liver go

A

enters the central vein then hepatic vein and into systemic circulation

166
Q

describe gallbladder

A

pear shaped 7-10cm sac in liver

167
Q

what is bile

A

emulsifying agent

emulsifies fats/oils

168
Q

function of bile ducts

A

collect bile produced by liver cells - hepatocytes - which pools in gallbladder

169
Q

where does bile go and via what

A

enters small intestine via common bile duct

170
Q

composition of bile - 3

A

bile salts from bile acids
cholesterol
Bilirubin from RBC breakdown

171
Q

how much bile to we produce daily

A

500-1000ml

172
Q

pH bile

A

7.6 - 8.6 - mildly basic

173
Q

describe enterohepatic circulation (bile)

A

bile salts in ileum are absorbed & transported back to liver for recycling

174
Q

How does liver cleanse blood

A

of particles and microbes via Kupffer cells

175
Q

How does liver detoxify blood

A

metabolises/neutralises drugs, toxins, alcohol

176
Q

what happens o erythrocytes in liver

A

heamolysis

177
Q

what happens to plasma proteins in liver

A

clotting and coagulation factors like fibrinogen are synthesised

178
Q

how does liver contribute to hormone homeostasis

A

makes
regulates
detoxifies hormones

179
Q

what does the liver do to glucose, fats and amino acids

A

metabolises them

180
Q

how does liver contribute to heat production - thermogenisi

A

warmest organ

181
Q

what does liver synthesise

A

Vit A, Co-Q10, activation Vit D

182
Q

What nutrients does Liver store

A

Vits A, D, E, K, B12

iron, copper, glycogen

183
Q

How does liver metabolise carbohydrate

A

excess glucose converted into glycogen for storage

glycogen converted to glucose as required

184
Q

How does liver metabolise fat

A

metabolises fat from storage as required

synthesises cholesterol & triglycerides

185
Q

how does liver metabolise protein

A

converts essential amino acids into non-essential amino acids
removes nitrogen groups from amino acids to form urea to be excreted
breaks down nucleotides to form uric acid for excretion

187
Q

how does liver metabolise hormones

A

insulin & glycogen are deactivated/broken down by liver

188
Q

liver cells known as

A

hepatocytes

189
Q

in how many phases does the liver detox the blood

A

2

190
Q

what enzyme complexes does phase 1 involve

A

cytochrome p450 enzyme complexes

191
Q

what 5 reactions occur in phase 1 of liver blood detoxification

A 
oxidation
reduction
hydrolysis
dehydration
dehalogenation
192
Q

what happens to water insoluble toxins during phase 1 of liver blood detoxification

A

converted to water soluble toxins to be extorted by kidneys

193
Q

when is coffee metabolised by the liver

A

during phase 1 as water soluble - if client has problem check phase 1

194
Q

during phase 1 detoxification of liver toxins are converted into what

A

intermediate metabolites - more toxic than toxins!

to be metabolised in phase 2

195
Q

what are metabolites also known as

A

free radicals

196
Q

name for 2 types of toxins

A

endogenous - created in body

external -

197
Q

phrase to help remember 2 phases of liver detoxification

A

phase 1 chops

phase 2 mops

198
Q

what can go wrong with the liver during detoxification

A

produces too many intermediate metabolites - need to speed up phase 1 and slow down phase 2

199
Q

what supplements does the body require to help mop up the metabolites/free radicals

A

antioxidants

200
Q

what happens during phase 2 liver detoxification

A 
CONJUGATION REACTIONS
molecules attached to toxins
neutralised
made stable (non-reactive)
made water soluble to be excreted
201
Q

7 reactions during liver phase 2 detoxification

A 
glucoronidation
sulphation
glutathione conjugation
amino acid conjugation
acetylation
methylation
202
Q

what macro-nutrient does the liver rely heavily upon to function properly

A

protein

203
Q

waste from liver eliminated via -

A

gall bladder

kidneys

204
Q

how is pancreas connected to the duodenum

A

via 2 ducts

205
Q

pancreas exocrine function

A

pancreatic juice into small intestines - 1.5l approx

206
Q

Pancreatic juice contains

A 
alkalising bicarbonate ions
protease enzymes
lipase
amylase
water
207
Q

endocrine function of pancreas - 4 substances into blood

A

insulin
glucagon
somatostatin
pancreatic polypeptide

208
Q

cells of adipose tissue called

A

adipocytes

209
Q

what hormone does adipose tissue produce that is related to digestion

A

LEPTIN

reduces apetite and regulates fat storage

Digestive System (5 decks)

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