Anatomical Terminology Flashcards
Anatomical Position
Standing Erect;
Arms by the side
Palms Supinated
Feet Flat on floor
Superior/Cranial/Cephalic
towards the head
Inferior/Caudal
nearer to the feet
Anterior/Ventral
Nearer to the front
Posterior/Dorsal
Nearer to the Back
Medial
Nearer to the median (center) plane
Lateral
Farther from the medial (middle) plane
Proximal
Nearer to the trunk or point of origin
Distal
Farther away from the trunk or point of origin
Superficial
Nearer to the skin
Intermediate
Between a superficial and deep structure
Deep (position)
farther from the surface
Supine
body or structure (i.e. palms) lies anterior side up
prone
body or structure lies anterior side down
Supination
movement rotating the object to a supine position
pronation
movement/rotation that moves the object to a prone positin
Sagittal Plane
Vertical plane diving body into left and right halves
Midsagittal plane
vertical plane dividing body into equal halves
Parasagittal Plane
Vertical plane dividing body into unequal halves
Coronal/Frontal Plane
Vertical plane dividing body into posterior and anterior portions
Horizontal/Transverse/Axial Plane
Plane that “cuts the body in half” into superior and inferior portions
Abduction
Movement AWAY FROM axis or midline of the body or a part
An ABDUCTOR takes things AWAY
Adduction
movement TOWARD the axis/midline of the body or one of its parts
Flexion
Folding movement that DECREASES THE ANGLE between bones
Ex. Flexion at hips, knees, ankles, arm, hands, trunk
Extension
An INCREASE IN THE ANGLE between two bones
- restores body to anatomical position after flexion
Rotation
movement around a vertical axis
supination and pronation
Plantar Flexion
EXTENSION of the foot at the ANKLE JOINT
- standing on the TIP TOES
- Increases the angle between the top of the foot and the tibia (Extension)
- Decreases the angle between the bottom of the foot (plantar) and the calf (Flexion)
Dorsiflexion
FLEXION of the foot at the ANKLE JOINT
- top of the foot moves to the tibia
- Standing on the heels
Inversion
ROTATION at the ANKLE turning the foot so that the sole faces medially
Eversion
ROTATION at the ANKLE turning the foot so that the sole faces LATERALLY
Conventional Radiography
X-rays
Computer Assisted Tomography
CT or CAT scan
Magnetic Resonance Image
MRI
Ultrasonagraphy
Ultrasound
X-ray Function
Shooting a direct beam of X-rays at a specific body part and detecting emerging radiation
X-Ray Luminosity (Greatest to Least)
- Bones –>
- radio opaque due to crystalline structure
- Body Fluids & Tissue
- similar density (fat is slightly more lucent)
- Air filled structures (lumen of stomach/colon)
- radio-lucent (appear black)
* *The denser the structure the brighter the image**
- radio-lucent (appear black)
PA X-ray Projection
Rays pass through the body from the POSTERIOR to ANTERIOR side
AP X-ray Projection
Rays pass from the ANTERIOR TO POSTERIOR side
X-ray distortion
Distortion increases with distance from x-ray detector
- the farther away a tissue is from the detector the larger it appears on the image
- Ex. the heart appears larger in an AP projection
CT/CAT scan Method of action
Multiple x-rays are rapidly performed and analyzed by a computer to produce the given plane
- more details than a standard X-ray - at least 100x more radiation used than standard x-ray
MRI Method of Action
Uses magnetic fields to produce images of soft tissue
- free from damaging side effects of CT/X-ray scan - can't use if patient has any metal in them
Ultrasound Method of Action
Sonar (high frequency sound waves) reflect differently off of different structures
- difficult to interpret images
Nuclear Medicine Imaging Method of Action
Radioactive Material injected and taken up selectively by different organs/targets
- evaluates the physiological function of an organ/structure
