Anatomical Orientation

Question 1

Normal anatomical position

Answer 1

=reference point for all movements

• standing, face forward, feet forward, palms forward
• planes of movement are oriented at 90 degrees to the axis of movement

Question 2

Sagittal plane

Answer 2

• anterior/posterior direction
• movement around a mediolateral axis
  eg: should flexion/extension

Question 3

Coronal (frontal) plane

Answer 3

• left to right direction
• movement around an anterioposterior axis
  eg: should ab/adduction

Question 4

Transverse (horizontal plane)

Answer 4

• movement around a vertical or longitudinal axis

eg: shoulder internal/external rotation

Question 5

Anterior

Answer 5

front or ventral

Question 6

Posterior

Answer 6

back or dorsal

Question 7

Medial

Answer 7

toward the midline

Question 8

Lateral

Answer 8

away from the midline

Question 9

Superior

Answer 9

cranial

Question 10

Inferior

Answer 10

caudal

Question 11

Cranial

Answer 11

toward the head (usually used more in relation to brain anatomy)

Question 12

Caudal

Answer 12

toward the tail (usually used more in relation to brain anatomy)

Question 13

Proximal

Answer 13

close to the trunk or origin

eg: shoulder is proximal to elbow

Question 14

Distal

Answer 14

further away from origin

eg: hand is distal to elbow

Question 15

Central

Answer 15

towards the center

Question 16

Peripheral

Answer 16

away from the center

Question 17

Superficial

Answer 17

close to the surface

Question 18

Deep

Answer 18

close to the center

Question 19

Internal

Answer 19

inside, deep

Question 20

External

Answer 20

outside, superficial

Question 21

Intrinsic

Answer 21

contained within an area

eg: intrinsic hand muscles are contained in hand (origin and insertion)

Question 22

Extrinsic

Answer 22

originating from outside the area it’s found in

Question 23

Dorsum

Answer 23

top of foot

Question 24

Plantar

Answer 24

sole of foot

Question 25

Anterior (hand)

Answer 25

volar, palmar

Question 26

Posterior (hand)

Answer 26

dorsum

Question 27

Supine

Answer 27

backl ying, tummy up

Question 28

Prone

Answer 28

face lying, back up

Question 29

Flexion

Answer 29

decreases joint angle in the sagittal plane special kinds: -dorsiflexion: flex -plantar flextion: pointe

Question 30

Extension

Answer 30

increases joint angle in the sagittal plane

Question 31

Abduction

Answer 31

body part moved away from the midline of the body in a lateral direction

Question 32

Adduction

Answer 32

body part moved toward the midline of the body, in a medial direction

Question 33

Rotation

Answer 33

movement of a body part around its own axis - internal (aka medial) - external (aka lateral)

Question 34

Supination and Pronation

Answer 34

special kinds of rotation in the forearm: - supination: palm of hand facing anteriorly - pronation: palm of hand facing posteriorly

Question 35

Circumduction

Answer 35

circular, conelike movement of a body segment; a composite movement -happens in thumb, hip, shoulder

Question 36

Inversion

Answer 36

movement of sole of foot inward or medially; sickle

Question 37

Eversion

Answer 37

movement of sole of foot outward or laterally; roll in

Question 38

Protraction/retraction

Answer 38

scapular movement - gliding on body wall

Question 39

Elevation/depression

Answer 39

scapular movement - up and down

Question 40

Upward and downward rotation

Answer 40

scapular movment - follows the acromion

Question 41

Accessory movements

Answer 41

=a component of the physiologic movement at a joint that cannot be performed voluntarily in isolation eg: downward glide of humerus during flexion and/or abduction of shoulder or roation of MCP joint with grasp

Question 42

What are the two ways to classify joints?

Answer 42

by movement and by structure

Question 43

What are articulations?

Answer 43

a place of union between two or more bones; joints

Question 44

Classifying by movement, what are immoveable joints called?

Answer 44

Synarthroses

Question 45

Classifying by movement, what are slightly moveable joints called?

Answer 45

Amphiarthroses

Question 46

Classifying by movement, what are freely moveablejoints called?

Answer 46

Diarthroses (have several subtypes)

Question 47

What are the classes of joints (by structure)?

Answer 47

Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial

Question 48

Fibrous Joints

Answer 48

dense regular connective tissue connects bones no joint cavity very little movement eg: where teeth attach

Question 49

Cartilaginous Joints

Answer 49

cartilage binds the bones together | no joint cavity

Question 50

Synovial Joints

Answer 50

ligaments support articulating bones includes a joint cavity eg: knee, hip

Question 51

Degree of freedom (as it applies to joints)

Answer 51

Each degree of freedom indicates a plane of movement | 1 degree - moves in one plane, etc