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ANAT242 Lectures 1-38 > ANAT241 Lecture 9 - Epithelial Tissue and Defects in the Regulation of Cell Divisions > Flashcards

ANAT241 Lecture 9 - Epithelial Tissue and Defects in the Regulation of Cell Divisions Flashcards

1
Q

what plays a crucial role in tissue renewal and repair?

A

stem cells

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2
Q

are different tissue types renewed at the same rate?

A

different tissues are renewed at different rates and pattern of turnover

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3
Q

what is the relationship between mature skeletal muscle cells + mature neurons and whole cell turnover?

A

mature skeletal muscle cells and mature neurons largely do not turn over whole cells

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4
Q

what are the 2 causative factors for tissue renewal?

A

friction and environmental changes

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5
Q

what are the 3 general properties of stem cells regardless of source?

A
  • capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods
  • they are unspecialised
  • can give rise to specialised cell types
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6
Q

what are adult stem cells?

A

somatic stem cells that are undifferentiated cells found amongst differential cells in tissues/organs

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7
Q

what is multipotent?

A

adult stem cells that can renew itself and differentiate into major cell types

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8
Q

what is the 2 primary roles of living tissues?

A

maintenance and repair

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9
Q

what are embryonic stem cells?

A

defined by their origin of inner cell mass of a blastocyst, they are pluripotent

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10
Q

what is pluripotent?

A

a stem cell that can differentiate into all cell types in the body

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11
Q

where are skin stem cells found?

A

found in the bulge under the sebaceous gland

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12
Q

where can skin stem cells translocate to?

A

can translocate to the basal layer of the epidermis

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13
Q

what do stem cell populations other than skin stem cells contribute to?

A

contribute to hair growth

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14
Q

what is the turnover timeframe of the epidermis?

A

approx. 2 months

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15
Q

where are epithelial stem cells in the digestive tract found?

A

epithelial cells lining the digestive tract occur in deep cysts and give rise to several cell types

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16
Q

what do epithelial cells lining the digestive tract give rise to?

A

give rise to several cell types such as absorptive cells, goblet cells, paneth cells and enteroendocrine cells

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17
Q

what is the turnover timeframe of intestinal cells?

A

approx. every few days

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18
Q

what is the chain of events that occurs because of a change in cellular environment to cells that cannot adapt?

A

if a change occurs in a cellular environment and the cell cannot adapt because the stimulus is severe/lethal. This results in cell injury or death and requires tissue renewal or repair

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19
Q

what is the chain of events that occurs because of a change in cellular environment to cells that can adapt to the change?

A

if a change occurs in a cellular environment and the cell can adapt then this results in a change in the growth pattern (this is a reversible change if required). This results in either hyperplasia + hypertrophy, tissue atrophy + cell atrophy or metaplasia

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20
Q

what is a cells response to environmental changes dependant on?

A

dependant on the nature of the stimulus

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21
Q

what are the 3 ways tolerable environmental changes alter the pattern of cell growth?

A

altered cell size
altered cell division
altered cell differentiation

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22
Q

when does altered cell growth occur?

A

when there is a high concentration of growth factors/ expression of growth factor receptors

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23
Q

what is hyperplasia?

A

the increase in the size of tissues/organs by the increased reproduction rate of cells

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24
Q

what is hypertrophy?

A

the increase in the size of tissues/organs by the increase of cell size

25
Q

what is the relationship between hyperplasia + hypertrophy and tissue atrophy?

A

both hyperplasia and hypertrophy are reversible via tissue atrophy

26
Q

what is tissue atrophy?

A

the decrease in cell number/size

27
Q

what is an example of a physiological adaptation of hyperplasia and hypertrophy?

A

breast epithelial cell increasing in size and number during pregnancy from endocrine stimulation

28
Q

what is an example of a pathological adaptation of hyperplasia and hypertrophy?

A

endometrial cells increasing in number under abnormal endocrine stimulation resulting in a tumour

29
Q

when does metaplasia occur?

A

occurs when one mature, fully differentiated cell type adopts a totally different fully differentiated cell type

30
Q

what does cell morphology change in response to?

A

changes in response to the cellular environment

31
Q

how does cell morphology provide an adaptive response?

A

provides an adaptive response as the cell changes to be better equipped to withstand new environments

32
Q

where is metaplasia common?

A

common in epithelial tissue

33
Q

what is dysplasia?

A

the presence of abnormal cells from an increased rate of cell division coupled with complete maturation of immature cells

34
Q

what is neoplasia?

A

uncontrolled growth of cells

35
Q

when does a neoplasm occur?

A

occurs from the poorly regulated cell division in which masses of cells form

36
Q

when does cellular proliferation and growth occur?

A

occurs in the absense of any continuing external stimulus

37
Q

when does hyperplasia cease?

A

the abnormal proliferation of cells will cease with the removal of the stimulus

38
Q

why do neoplastic cells commonly fail to achieve a highly differentiated state?

A

because of the failure of mechanisms controlling cellular proliferation and maturation

39
Q

what is the relationship between genetic material changes and the neoplasm?

A

changes in the genetic material are transmitted to each new generation of cells within the neoplasm

40
Q

what is the events of neoplastic formation?

A

starts with a stimulus causing genetic alteration to a cell. This alters genes for growth factors + receptors, signal transduction, transcription regulation, DNA repair and cell survival. The transformed cell proliferates with poor regulation of growth as a result of genetic changes and develops additional mutations

41
Q

what is an example of metaplasia?

A

barretts oesophagus

42
Q

what is barrett’s oesophagus?

A

metaplasia (when one mature, fully differentiated cell adopts a totally different fully differentiated cell type) transforms the oesophageal lining that is normally squamous epithelium to columnar cells with goblet cells that replace the squamous epithelium. The columnar cells with goblet cells are supposed to be intestinal epithelium not oesophageal epithelium

43
Q

what is an example of dysplasia?

A

repeated sunburn/sun exposure on the epidermis of the skin

44
Q

how does repeated sunburn/sun exposure cause dysplasia?

A

dysplasia (the presence of abnormal cells from an increased rate of cell division coupled with complete maturation of immature cells) occurs as sunburn does not allow the skin cells to properly differentiate and mature as they move through the layers. They move too fast through the layers creating nuclei to be present in the keratin layer where they should not be present

45
Q

what is an example of dysplasia and neoplasia combined?

A

when dysplasia and neoplasia occurs in the cervix

46
Q

what occurs when there is dysplasia and neoplasia in the cervix?

A

normal epithelial layers in the cervix show differentiation of cells from the basal layer to the vagina. Cervical dysplasia can occur with an increased number of the more basal, nucleated cells reaching the vagina. There is a spectrum of neoplastic progression with the stratified layer losing all of its differentation

47
Q

what are the cellular events required for metastasis?

A

begins with detachment from the main neoplasm. The neoplastic cell breaks through the basement membrane and connective tissue and uses motility to enter a passage for movement
e.g through the blood and this allows for another tissue type to be entered

48
Q

what is invasion of tumours?

A

invasion is when a malignant tumour grows into and at the expense of the surrounding tissue

49
Q

what are the 3 characterisitics of tumours?

A

lacks differentiation
erratic growth
locally invasive

50
Q

what is a primary tumour?

A

the main neoplasm

51
Q

what is a secondary tumour?

A

a detached neoplastic mass which is not in contact with the primary neoplasm

52
Q

what is metastasis?

A

a secondary tumour which has spread by metastasis

53
Q

what are the 4 routes tumours use to spread?

A

local invasion
trans-coelomic spread
lymphatic spread
blood borne spread

54
Q

what is the local invasion route of tumour spread?

A

where the tumour extends into the surrounding tissue

55
Q

what is the trans-coelomic route of tumour spread?

A

tumour migrates along the peritoneal and pleural spaces

56
Q

what is the lymphatic spread route of tumour spread?

A

tumour spreads through lymphatic vessels

57
Q

what is the blood borne spread route of tumour spread?

A

tumour that enters the blood circulation

58
Q

what is the difference between metastatic cells and tumour cells?

A

metastatic cells have special cell-surface properties not shared by most other tumour cells . They are less adhesive that other cells to break free from tumour masses and must be able to penetrate numerous barriers such as the ECM of surrounding connective tissues, basement membranes that line blood vessels etc

ANAT242 Lectures 1-38 (7 decks)

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