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ANAT242 Lectures 1-38 > ANAT241 Lecture 15 - Skull and Vertebral Column > Flashcards

ANAT241 Lecture 15 - Skull and Vertebral Column Flashcards

1
Q

what is the axial skeleton?

A

bones that are along the midline

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2
Q

what are the 5 major structures of the axial skeleton?

A 
skull
vertebrae + discs
ribs + cartilages
sacrum
coccyx
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3
Q

what are the 3 functions of the skull?

A
  • protecting the brain and the brainstem
  • protecting sensory organs
  • attachment site for muscles involved in speech, chewing, eye movement, facial expression
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4
Q

what are sutures?

A

fibrous joints that are tiny gaps in between bones

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5
Q

what is the coronal suture?

A

suture that separates the frontal bone from the parietal bones

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6
Q

what is the sagittal suture?

A

suture that separates the 2 parietal bones

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7
Q

where is the lambdoid suture located?

A

on the posterior aspect of the skull

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8
Q

what is the lambdoid suture?

A

suture that separates the parietal bone from the occipital bone

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9
Q

what is the relationship between lambda and the lambdoid suture?

A

the lambdoid suture is shaped like the symbol lambda (upside down Y)

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10
Q

what is the relationship between age and sutures?

A

sutures are membraneous when young and will only fuse in the late 20s

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11
Q

what is the fontanelle?

A

the top part of the skull in a baby that is more like a membrane that will ossify to become solid bone

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12
Q

what is the squamous suture?

A

the suture that separates the temporal bone and the parietal bone bilaterally

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13
Q

what is the pterion?

A

the region where the frontal, temporal, parietal and sphenoid bones join together

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14
Q

what is the TMJ?

A

tempromandibular joint

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15
Q

what is the tempromandibular joint (TMJ)?

A

the temporal bone of the mandible

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16
Q

what type of joint is the tempromandibular joint (TMJ)?

A

a synovial joint

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17
Q

what does the articular disc articulate with?

A

articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone and the condyle of the mandible below

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18
Q

what is the condylar process?

A

the part of the mandible that connects with the temporal bone

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19
Q

what is required for the jaw to open?

A

in order for the jaw to open some type of rotation of the condylar process is required

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20
Q

what is protusion?

A

the mandible moving forward

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21
Q

what is retraction?

A

the mandible moving backwards

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22
Q

what is elevation?

A

the mandible moving up

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23
Q

what is depression? (in terms of the mandible)

A

the mandible moving down

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24
Q

what is the part of the mandible that moves up during elevation?

A

the ramus

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25
Q

what is the alveolar arch?

A

where the teeth are located

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26
Q

what are the 3 features/functions of the mandible?

A
  • it attaches to the temporal bone via the TMJ
  • it is a site for muscle attachments (e.g for chewing, facial expressions)
  • it has alveolar process for teeth
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27
Q

what is the coronoid process?

A

where the temporalis muscle attaches to help close the mouth resulting in elevation of the mandible

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28
Q

what is the temporal line?

A

where muscles attach

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29
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the structure of the skull?

A

viscerocranium

neurocranium

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30
Q

what does the viscerocranium make up?

A

makes up the facial skeleton

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31
Q

what is the neurocranium?

A

the part of the skull that protects the brain

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32
Q

what are the 3 singular bones that make up the viscerocranium?

A

mandible
ethmoid bone
vomer bone

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33
Q

what are the 6 paired bones that make up the viscerocranium?

A 
maxillae bone
zygomatic bone
palatine bone 
nasal bone
lacrimal bone
inferior nasal conchae
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34
Q

what bone makes up the forehead?

A

the frontal bone

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35
Q

what are the 4 singular bones that make up the neurocranium?

A

frontal bone
ethmoidal bone
sphenoidal bone
occipital bone

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36
Q

what are the paired bones that make up the neurocranium?

A

temporal bones

parietal bones

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37
Q

what does the frontal bone form?

A

forms the anterior and superior walls

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38
Q

how does the frontal bone articulate with other bones?

A

articulates with other bones via sutures

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39
Q

what is the supraorbital notch/foramen?

A

foramen located above the eye socket

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40
Q

what is the orbital?

A

the cavity of the skull in which the eye and its appendages are situated

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41
Q

what is the function of the supraorbital notch/forameen?

A

allows the passage of the supraorbital vein, artery and nerve to pass through

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42
Q

what does the supraorbital nerve supply?

A

supplies skin sensation on the forehead

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43
Q

what is the supraorbital ridge?

A

the ridge on top of the eyebrows

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44
Q

what bone is the upper jaw?

A

the maxilla bone

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45
Q

what bone is the lower jaw?

A

the mandible bone

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46
Q

what is the zygomatic bone?

A

the cheekbone

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47
Q

what is the projection of zygomatic bone?

A

the frontal process of the zygomatic bone

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48
Q

what is the projection of the maxilla bone?

A

maxilla process

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49
Q

what is the temporal projection?

A

the temporal process of the zygomatic bone

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50
Q

what is the vomer bone?

A

bone that splits the nasal cavity into left and right

51
Q

what bone is the side of the neurocranium?

A

the parietal bone

52
Q

what bone is the side of the neurocranium?

A

the occipital bone

53
Q

what is the projection of the temporal bone to the zygomatic bone?

A

the zygomatic process of the temporal bone

54
Q

what does the parietal bones form?

A

forms the lateral and superior walls

55
Q

what line does the parietal bones have?

A

has the temporal lines for the temporalis muscle

56
Q

what does the parietal bones contribute to?

A

the pterion

57
Q

what is the pterion?

A

a weak part of the skull where multiple bones come together

58
Q

what 4 things does each temporal bone have?

A
  • a mandibular fossa for TMJ
  • mastoid and styloid processes
  • zygomatic process
  • internal and external acoustic meatus
59
Q

where is the mastoid process located?

A

behind the ear

60
Q

what is the styloid process?

A

a small needle like projection

61
Q

what is the external acoustic meatus?

A

the opening of the ear canal

62
Q

why is the pterion a weak part of the skull?

A

because multiple bones join together at this point if it suffers a blow/damage it will have a large effect on the skull

63
Q

what are the 4 features of the occipital bone?

A
  • forms the posterior and floor of the neurocranium (vault)
  • occipital protuberance
  • occipital condyles
  • forman magnum
64
Q

what is the function of the occipital proturberance?

A

for muscle and ligament attachment

65
Q

what is the function of the occipital condyles?

A

articulation of the C1 vertebrae

66
Q

what are the 4 features of the sphenoid bone?

A

-has greater and lesser wings
-has hypophyseal fossa
-has many foramina
has pterygoid processes

67
Q

what is the function of having a hypophyseal fossa in the sphenoid bone?

A

to provide a space for

the pituitary gland

68
Q

what is the function of having many foramina in the sphenoid bone?

A

for many nerves and blood vessels to pass through

69
Q

what is the function of pterygoid processes in the sphenoid bone?

A

for muscle attachment for muscles involved in side to side jaw movement

70
Q

what are the muscles involved inside to side jaw movement?

A

pterygoid muscles

71
Q

what are the 3 features of the ethmoid bone?

A
  • has a cribriform plate
  • crista galli
  • ethmoidal air sinuses
72
Q

what is the function of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone?

A

has perforations/openings for olfactory nerves

73
Q

what is the function of the crista galli of the ethmoid bone?

A

it is an attachment site for the dura

74
Q

what is the dura?

A

one of the layers that protects the brain

75
Q

what are the ethmoidal air sinuses of the ethmoid bone?

A

many tiny air spaces

76
Q

what are the 4 depressions of the base of the skull?

A
  • anterior cranial fossa
  • middle cranial fossae
  • hypophyseal fossa
  • posterior cranial fossa
77
Q

what are 3 functions of the vertebral column?

A
  • to protect the spinal cord and spinal nerves
  • keep the torso upright and provide attachment to the pelvic girdle for bipedalism
  • attachment sites for muscles and ligaments
78
Q

what are 2 divisions of the vertebral column in terms of mobility?

A

mobile vertebrae

fused vertebrae

79
Q

what does the mobile vertebrae consist of?

A 
cervical vertebrae (7)
thoracic vertebrae (12)
lumbar vertebrae (5)
80
Q

what does the fused vertebrae consist of?

A 
sacral vertebrae (5)
coccygeal vertebrae (3-4)
81
Q

what are the typical vertebrae?

A

the lumbar vertebrae

82
Q

what are the 6 features that compose a typical vertebrae?

A
  • body
  • pedicle
  • transverse process
  • lamina
  • spinous process
  • articular process
83
Q

what is the pedicle?

A

the part of the vertebrae that connects the body to the remaining vertebral arch

84
Q

what are the 2 types of articular process?

A

superior and inferior articular process

85
Q

what are the 4 features of the cervical vertebrae?

A
  • small body
  • bifurcated spinous process
  • transverse foramina for vertebral artery
  • C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis) are specialised
86
Q

what is the foramen transversium?

A

the transverse foramen for the vertebral artery that is the main arterial supply to the brain

87
Q

what is the main arterial supply to the brain?

A

the vertebral artery

88
Q

what is the site of ligament attachment of the cervical vertebrae?

A

the bifid spine

89
Q

what is the C1 vertebrae?

A

atlas

90
Q

what is the relationship between the C1 vertebrae and body of the vertebrae?

A

the C1 (atlas) vertebrae has no body

91
Q

what is the C2 vertebrae?

A

axis

92
Q

what is the tubercle?

A

thickened part of a bone

93
Q

what is the atlantoccipital joint?

A

the joint between the atlas bone and the occipital bone

94
Q

what is the function of the atlantoccipital joint?

A

side to side hip movement

95
Q

what is the dens?

A

superior projecting bony element from the C2 (axis) vertebrae

96
Q

what are the 4 features of the thoracic vertebrae?

A
  • the spinous process points downwards
  • has costal facets
  • has little movement between 2 adjacent vertebrae
  • multiple thoracic vertebrae
97
Q

what is the function of the costal facets in the thoracic vertebrae?

A

for superior, inferior and transverse rib attachment and articulation

98
Q

what is the function of multiple thoracic vertebrae?

A

allow for more movement

99
Q

what are the 4 features of the lumbar vertebrae?

A
  • large body
  • do not allow much movement
  • distal end of the spinal cord ends at L1/L2
  • only cauda equina below this level (important site for lumbar puncture)
100
Q

what is the function of the large body of the lumbar vertebrae?

A

large body for load bearing to transmit force from the upper body

101
Q

what is the cauda equinoa?

A

bundle of spinal nerves at the end of the spinal cord

102
Q

what is the sacrum?

A

5 fused vertebrae

103
Q

what joint does the sacrum form?

A

forms the sacroiliac joint with the pelvis

104
Q

what 2 openings does the sacrum have?

A 
sacral canal (superior)
sacral hiatus (inferior)
105
Q

what is the function of the sacral canal of the sacrum?

A

for the cauda equina to pass through

106
Q

what is the sacral hiatus of the sacrum?

A

the inferior opening of the sacral canal

107
Q

what is the sacrococcygeal symphysis?

A

a fibrocartilage disc that separates the sacrum and the coccyx

108
Q

what is the coccyx in humans?

A

vestigial tail

109
Q

what is the relationship between the coccyx and age?

A

the coccyx deteriorates with age and becomes easily fractured

110
Q

what is the zygapophyseal joint?

A

a synovial joint between the superior and inferior articular processes of the adjacent vertebrae

111
Q

what does the zygapophyseal joint form?

A

forms the invertebral foramen for spinal nerves

112
Q

what are intervertebral discs found?

A

found between vertebrae

113
Q

what does the intervertebral discs consist of?

A

anulus fibrosus

nucleus pulposus

114
Q

what is anulus fibrosis?

A

a fibrous structure

115
Q

what does the nucleus pulpous contain?

A

contains lots of water and will deteriorate with age

116
Q

where are the anterior and poster longitudinal ligaments located?

A

located anterior and posterior to the vertebral body

117
Q

where is the ligament flavum located?

A

located between adjacent lamina

118
Q

how many vertebrae is the ligament flavum between?

A

between 2 vertebrae

119
Q

where does the ligamentum nuchae extend from?

A

extends from the external occipital protuberance to C7

120
Q

what is the function of the ligamentum nuchae?

A

for posterior neck support

121
Q

what is the supraspinous ligament?

A

ligament that connects the tip of the spinous processes from C7 vertebrae to the sacrum

122
Q

what is the ligament between spinous processes?

A

interspinous ligament

123
Q

what is whiplash injury?

A

hyperextension of the neck where the anterior longitudinal ligament is stretched or torn

ANAT242 Lectures 1-38 (7 decks)

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