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anat242 lectures 1-38 > ANAT241 Lecture 10 - Connective (Support) Tissue and the Extracellular Matrix > Flashcards

ANAT241 Lecture 10 - Connective (Support) Tissue and the Extracellular Matrix Flashcards

1
Q

what are connective (support) tissues?

A

tissues that provide general structure, physical + metabolic support for more specialised tissues, mechanical strength (tension for tendons/bones) and fills spaces in the body

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2
Q

what are the 3 key properties of connective tissues?

A

tensile strength from collagen
elasticity from elastin
volume from ground substance

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3
Q

what provides tensile strength of connective tissue?

A

collagen

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4
Q

what provides elasticity of connective tissue?

A

elastin

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5
Q

what provides volume of connective tissue?

A

ground substance

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6
Q

what do collagen and elastin have in common?

A

they are both fibular

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7
Q

what is ground substance?

A

a mixture of various types of molecules that bind water to create volume?

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8
Q

what are the 4 classes of connective tissue?

A

connective tissue proper
cartilage connective tissue
bone connective tissue
blood connective tissue

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9
Q

what can connective tissue proper be divided into?

A

loose connective tissue proper or dense connective tissue proper

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10
Q

what is loose connective tissue proper?

A

an open and loose structure

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11
Q

what are the 3 types of loose connective tissue proper?

A

areolar tissue
reticular tissue
adipose tissue

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12
Q

what is areolar tissue of loose connective tissue proper?

A

areolar tissue is strong yet cushioning and forms the lamina propria by underlying epithelium

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13
Q

what does areolar tissue form?

A

forms the lamina propria by underlying epithelium

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14
Q

what is reticular tissue of loose connective tissue proper composed of?

A

composed of reticular fibres that form a supportive mesh to support organs

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15
Q

what is the function of reticular tissue?

A

forms a supportive mesh to support organs

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16
Q

what is adipose tissue of loose connective tissue proper made up of?

A

made up of adipocytes

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17
Q

what is the function of white adipose tissue?

A

to store energy

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18
Q

what is brown adipose tissue associated with?

A

associated with thermoregulation

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19
Q

what are the 2 types of dense connective tissue proper?

A

regular dense tissue and irregular dense tissue

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20
Q

what is the relationship between dense connective tissue proper and the proportion of fibres it contains?

A

dense connective tissue proper contains a large proportion of fibres

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21
Q

what is regular dense tissue of dense connective tissue proper?

A

regular dense tissue arranged in parallel fibres of mainly type I collagen

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22
Q

where is regular dense tissue of dense connective tissue proper found?

A

found in ligaments and tendons

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23
Q

what is irregular dense tissue of dense connective tissue proper?

A

irregular dense tissue arranged in non-parallel fibres

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24
Q

where is irregular dense tissue of dense connective tissue proper found?

A

found in the dermis

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25
Q

what is the relationship between dense connective tissue proper and ground substance?

A

dense connective tissue proper has little ground substance

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26
Q

what are the 3 types of cartilage connective tissue?

A

hyaline cartilage
fibrocartilage
elastic cartilage

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27
Q

what is hyaline cartilage of cartilage connective tissue?

A

smooth and translucent cartilage with few collagen fibres supported by semi rigid chondrocytes

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28
Q

what are chondrocytes?

A

the support cells of hyaline cartilage that are semi rigid

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29
Q

what does fibrocartilage contain?

A

many collagen fibres

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30
Q

where is fibrocartilage present?

A

present in cartilaginous joints

e.g the mensci of the knee joint

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31
Q

what is elastic cartilage of cartilage connective tissue made up of?

A

made up of elastin and collagen fibres

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32
Q

where is elastic cartilage present?

A

present in the ear

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33
Q

what is bone connective tissue?

A

a collagen containing matrix that becomes calcified

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34
Q

where is compact bone positioned?

A

positioned on the outside for strength

35
Q

where is cancellous/spongy bone positioned?

A

arranged in the middle to form the trabeculae

36
Q

what does the arrangement of bone depend on?

A

depends on the stress/weight bearing nature of the bone

37
Q

what are the 2 key components of connective tissue?

A

cells and the ECM

38
Q

what determines the properties of the connective tissue?

A

the constituents of the ECM

39
Q

what are support cells for connective tissue derived from?

A

derived from embryological tissue mesenchyme which is a type of connective tissue

40
Q

what do support cells produce?

A

produce the ECM components

41
Q

what is mesenchyme the common embryonic origin for?

A

fibroblasts
chondroblasts
osteoblasts

42
Q

what is the development of fibroblasts?

A

fibroblasts –> fibrocyte –> connective tissue proper

43
Q

what is the development of chondroblasts?

A

chondroblast –> chondrocyte –> cartilage

44
Q

what is the development of osteoblasts?

A

osteoblast –> osteocyte –> bone (osseous)

45
Q

what do fibroblasts produce?

A

produce cells that secrete the ECM

46
Q

what is the matrix of connective tissue proper?

A

jelly-like matrix

47
Q

what is the matrix of adipose tissue

A

very little matrix

48
Q

what is the matrix of cartilage?

A

firm almost solid matrix

49
Q

what is the matrix of bone?

A

solid and rigid matrix

50
Q

what 3 things compose the ECM?

A

ground substance
fibrillar proteins
adhesion proteins

51
Q

what are the structural glycoproteins present in the ground substance?

A

glucoaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans

52
Q

what are GAGs (glucoaminoglycans)?

A

2 different sugar chains in a very long unbranching polysaccharide

53
Q

what are proteoglycans?

A

proteins that bind covalently to GAGs (glucoaminoglycans)

54
Q

what fibrillar proteins?

A

fibres that provide strength and elasticity

55
Q

what do adhesion proteins link together?

A

link fibres, ground substance and cells together

56
Q

what is the most common GAG (glucoaminoglycan)?

A

hyaluronic acid (hyaluronate)

57
Q

what is hyaluronic acid?

A

a long linear molecule of 2 repeating sugar molecules

58
Q

what is the other GAG (not hyaluronic acid)?

A

dermaton sulphate

59
Q

what is the relationship between dermaton sulphate and hyaluronic acid?

A

dermaton sulphate GAGs attach via hyaluronic acid as proteoglycans

60
Q

why are GAG’s hydrophillic?

A

these molecules are hydrophilic as they are negatively charged

61
Q

what do proteoglycans and GAGs interact with?

A

interact with each other
water + salt
collagen
other fibres + molecules

62
Q

what is the most abundant protein the human body?

A

collagen

63
Q

why is collagen the most abundant protein in the human body?

A

because it is found in most supporting tissues

64
Q

what is collagen secreted by?

A

secreted by fibroblasts

65
Q

what colour does collagen stain from the H&E stain?

A

pink

66
Q

what is collagen in terms of fibres?

A

a series of twisted protein fibres

67
Q

what is the relationship between collagen fibres and the electron microscope?

A

collagen fibres are banded under the electron microscope due to the overlap between the triple helices

68
Q

how many different types of collagen are there?

A

28 different types

69
Q

what is type I collagen?

A

makes up around 90% of collagen in the body and composes ligaments, tendons, bone and skin

70
Q

what is type II collagen?

A

cartilage

71
Q

what is type III collagen?

A

reticular tissue that forms reticular fibres

72
Q

what is type IV collagen?

A

the basement membrane

73
Q

what is the function of adhesion glycoproteins?

A

mediate interactions between cell cytoskeletons and the ECM

74
Q

what is fibronectin?

A

an adhesion protein that is a dimeric glycoprotein that binds collagen to intergrins on the cell surface + proteoglycans + cells

75
Q

what is laminin?

A

an adhesion protein that binds multiple ECM components that forms sheets that makeup the basement membrane and binds cells to the basement membrane (integrins)

76
Q

what are cell-matrix adhesion mechanisms?

A

junctions between cells and the ECM that are important for maintaining structural integrity

77
Q

what is the function of focal adhesions?

A

bind cells to the ECM

78
Q

what is the function of hemidesmosomes?

A

attach epithelial cells to the basement membrane

79
Q

what are the 4 methods cells use to anchor to the ECM?

A

1) GAGs and proteoglycans anchor to the matrix
2) collagen and elastin anchor to structural fibres
3) fibronectin and laminin anchor to adhesive glycoproteins
4) integrins anchor to transmembrane receptors

80
Q

what do integrin proteins interact with?

A

interact with other proteins on both sides of the lipid bilayer

81
Q

how do support cells bind to the ECM?

A

via focal adhesions

82
Q

how do cells anchor to the basement membrane?

A

cells anchor to the basement membrane as intermediate filaments (cytokeratin) attach to stationary epithelial cells that bind to the ECM via hemidesmosomes

83
Q

how are integrins linked to intracellular intermediate filaments?

A

linked via an electron dense plaque

anat242 lectures 1-38 (7 decks)

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