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ANAT 150 > ANAT 150 Chapter 6 Lecture Notes > Flashcards

ANAT 150 Chapter 6 Lecture Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Support

A

Bone is hard and rigid; Cartilage is flexible yet strong

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2
Q

Protection

A

Skull around brain; ribs, sternum, vertebrae
Protect thoracic cavity organs

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3
Q

Movement

A

Produced by muscles attached to bones by tendons (ex: nervous system)

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4
Q

Storage

A

Calcium & phosphate stored and released.

Adipose tissue is stored in marrow cavities.

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5
Q

Blood Cell Production

A

Bone marrow that gives rise to blood cells and platelets

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6
Q

What is responsible for blood cell production

A

Red bone marrow

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7
Q

What are the types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage (main type)

Fibrocartilage

Elastic cartilage

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8
Q

The fetal skeleton is made up of ______ cartilage at one point.

A

Hyaline

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9
Q

Matrix

A

Collagen fibers for strength

Proteoglycans for resiliency

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10
Q

Perichondrium

A

Double-layered C.T. sheath

Covers cartilage

(Outer edge surrounding layer)

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11
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Covers bones at joints; no perichondrium growth

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12
Q

Appositional

A

Growth in width or diameter

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13
Q

Interstitial

A

Growth in height

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14
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Immature bone cells forming bones through ossification or osteogenesis

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15
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells surrounded by matrix, but can make small amounts of matrix to maintain it

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16
Q

Osteocytes are surrounded by a cavity or pit called a ______

A

Lacuna

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17
Q

Canaliculi

A

Many tiny canals are that radiate from each lacuna that has osteocyte processes

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18
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Destructive bone cells; cause bone resorption

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19
Q

Woven bone

A

Crude type bone tissue with collagen fibers randomly oriented

First bone type to form by osteoblasts during ossification

During fetal development, growth, and fracture repair

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20
Q

Lamellar bone

A

Mature type bone tissue; in sheets called lamellae

Fibers are oriented in one direction in each layer, but in different directions in different layers for strength

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21
Q

Bone remodeling

A

Osteoclasts remove old bone, osteoblasts add new

Woven bone is remodeled into lamellar bone

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22
Q

What bone cells are involved in bone remodeling

A

Osteoclasts, osteoblasts

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23
Q

Histological classification

A

(Based on tissue type)

  • Trabecular (spongy/cancellous) bone
    - looks cancerous but isn’t
  • Compact bone
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24
Q

Structural classification

A

(Based on physical appearance)

Long bone: length > width (ex: arm)

Short bone: length = width (ex: wrist)

Flat bone: width > length (ex: cranium bone)

Irregular bone: (ex: sphenoid bone)

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25
Q

____________ is a long bone
(2nd digit)

A

Finger bone

26
Q

Trabecular bone

A

Trabeculae: Interconnecting rods or plates of bone

Like scaffolding

27
Q

Compact bone

A

Solid, outer layer surrounding each bone; has more matrix and is denser than spongy bone

28
Q

What is the functional unit of a compact bone?

A

Osteon/Haversian system

29
Q

Central (Haversian) canal

A

Contains blood vessels and nerves

30
Q

__________ in a lacuna with canaliculi radiating from the lacuna

A

Osteocytes

31
Q

Perforating/volkmann’s canal

A

Perpendicular to long axis and contain blood vessels that run from one canal to the next

32
Q

Lamellae

A

Calcium & phosphate

33
Q

Concentric lamellae

A

Located within osteon

34
Q

Circumferential lamellae

A

Located on peripheral (outer edge)

35
Q

Interstitial lamellae

A

Located in between osteons

36
Q

Sesamoid bone

A

Small bone embedded in a tendon/ligament or muscle near a joint (ex: knee cap)

37
Q

Epiphysis

A

End of a bone

38
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

Growth plate/region

(Becomes epiphyseal line when closed off)

39
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of bone

40
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

Fatty tissues

41
Q

Endosteum

A

Lining of medullary

42
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Takes place in embryonic connective tissue membrane

(ex: “soft spots” of newborn skull closing)

43
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Takes place in cartilage

(ex: growth of long bone)

44
Q

Growth in length occurs at the _________ plate

A

Epiphyseal/epiphysis

45
Q

Between what ages is the epiphyseal plate ossified becoming the epiphyseal line?

A

12 & 25

46
Q

Osteoblasts in bone growth in width

A

Osteoblasts from the periosteum lay down bone under the periosteum

47
Q

Osteoclasts in bone growth and width

A

Osteoclasts resorb bone surrounding the medullary cavity

48
Q

What causes bones to be small?

A

Lack of calcium, protein, and other nutrients

49
Q

What is needed for the absorption of calcium?

A

Vitamin D

50
Q

Rickets

A

Lack of vitamin D during childhood

51
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Lack of vitamin D in adulthood

52
Q

________ is necessary for collagen synthesis by osteoblasts

A

Vitamin C

53
Q

Scurvy

A

Vitamin C deficiency

54
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

From anterior pituitary

Stimulates interstitial cartilage growth and appositional bone growth

55
Q

____________ (T3 & T4) are required for growth of all tissues

A

Thyroid hormones

56
Q

Gigantism

A

Excessive growth hormone secretion during growing years (childhood)

57
Q

Acromegaly

A

Excessive growth hormone-like secretion in adulthood

58
Q

Dwarfism

A

Insufficient growth hormone during growing years (childhood)

59
Q

What are the 4 stages of bone repair/healing?

A
  1. Hematoma formation
  2. Callus formation (fibroblasts, chondroblasts)
  3. Callus ossification (osteoblasts)
  4. Bone remodeling (osteoclasts)
60
Q

Calcitonin inhibits osteoclasts, slowing bone resporption during

A

Hypercalcemia

61
Q

PTH and calcitriol stimulate formation of osteoclasts during ___________

A

Hypocalcemia

62
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Porous bones, loss of bone matrix

(Prone to fracture)

ANAT 150 (5 decks)

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