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2ND YEAR FIRST SEM > ANAPHYLAB M2 > Flashcards

ANAPHYLAB M2 Flashcards

1
Q
  • A process in which a cell splits into two new cells to reproduce:
A

CELL DIVISION

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2
Q

cells of the body other than
reproductive cells

A

SOMATIC CELLS

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3
Q

reproductive cells

A

GAMETES/GERM CELLS

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4
Q
  • the process in which cells grow and divide
A

CELL CYCLE

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5
Q

The cell is preparing

A

INTERPHASE

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6
Q

The cell is metabolically active, grows physically and replicates organelles and others

A

G1 PHASE

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7
Q

DNA is replicated to produce 2 sister chromatids and replicates its nucleosomes

A

S PHASE

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8
Q

Involves further cell growth, protein synthesis and centrosomes are completed

A

G2 PHASE

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9
Q
  • phase where the cell is inactive (e.g. nerve cells)
A

G0

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10
Q
  • Nucleolus disintegrate
  • Chromatin condenses into chromosomes
  • Formation of mitotic spindles made up of microtubules
A

PROPHASE

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11
Q

connects the pair of chromatids
which makes up the chromosomes

A

CENTROMERE

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12
Q

connects to the centromere and
links the chromosomes to microtubules

A

KINETOCHORE

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13
Q

Alignment of the chromosomes in the middle (equatorial plate)

A

METAPHASE

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14
Q

Centromeres are split and move to the opposite sides

A

ANAPHASE

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15
Q
  • Nuclear envelopes form
  • Chromosomes uncoil into chromatins
  • Formation of 2 nuclei
A

TELOPHASE

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16
Q
  • Cytoplasm division
  • Occurs either at late anaphase or at telophase
  • In Animals: formation of cleavage furrow through contractile ring
  • In Plants: formation of cell plate
A

CYTOKINESIS

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17
Q

Uncontrollable cell growth; formation of abnormal cells

A

CANCER

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18
Q
  • aka Neoplasm
  • Excessive tissue formed
A

TUMOR

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19
Q
  • study that deals with cancerous
    cells/tumors
A

ONCOLOGY

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20
Q

tumors that undergo metastasis

A

MALIGNANT

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21
Q
  • tumors that do not undergo metastasis (e.g. skin tags)
A

BENIGN

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22
Q

spreading to other parts of the body

A

METASTASIS

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23
Q

tumors form new blood vessels

A

ANGIOGENESIS

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24
Q
  • malignant tumors that come from
    epithelial cells
A

CARCINOMAS

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25
Q

skin cancer

A

melanoma

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26
Q
  • muscle or connective tissues cancer
A

sarcoma

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27
Q

bones cancer

A

OSTEOGENIC SARCOMA

28
Q

bone marrow cancer

29
Q

lymphatic tissue

30
Q
  • Plasma membrane that covers the entire cell
  • Made up of: Phospholipid bilayer, Proteins (55%) and cholesterol
A

CELL MEMBRANE

31
Q
  • Difference in the concentration of a chemical from one place to another (inside to outside)
A

CONCENTRATION GRADIENT

32
Q
  • Difference in the electrical charges between two regions
A

ELECTRICAL GRADIENT

33
Q

term for the charge difference

A

MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

34
Q

Combined influence of the concentration gradient and electrical gradient on the movement of an ion

A

ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENT

35
Q

Substances move down or with their concentration or electrical gradient without the use of ATP

A

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

36
Q

random mixing of particles in a solution due to their kinetic energy
- Higher to lower solute concentration

37
Q
  • substances move freely without
    the help of transport proteins
A

SIMPLE DIFFUSION

38
Q
  • an integral membrane protein (channel or carrier) assists a specific substance
A

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

39
Q

through membrane channels (mostly ion channels) that allow passage of small, inorganic ions

A

CHANNEL-MEDIATED FACILITATED DIFFUSION

40
Q

continuously allow the passage of ions

A

LEAK CHANNELS

41
Q
  • limits the movement of ions by opening/closing the pore by changing shape
A

GATED CHANNELS

42
Q

● A carrier/transporter that changes shape
● Similarities with the Active Transport: transport maximum and saturation

A

CARRIER-MEDIATED FACILITATED DIFFUSION

43
Q

Diffusion of water from an area of higher to lower water concentration; or from an area of lower to higher solute concentration
- Only takes place when a membrane is permeable
to water but impermeable to specific solutes

44
Q

integral membrane proteins act as
water channels

A

AQUAPORINS

45
Q

A solution that can change the volume by changing its water content

46
Q
  • Solution with higher solute concentration and water moves out from the cells
  • Causes cell shrinking or crenation
A

HYPERTONIC

47
Q
  • Solution with lower solute concentration and water moves into the cell
  • Causes cell bursting/rupture/lysis
48
Q
  • Same concentration on both sides of the membrane
49
Q
  • Requires cellular energy in the form of ATP
  • ATP is used to move substances against its gradient
A

ACTIVE PROCESS

50
Q
  • Hydrolysis of ATP changes the shape of a carrier protein which pumps a substance across the membrane against its concentration gradient
  • Uses ATP ase
A

PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

51
Q
  • The energy stored in an ionic concentration gradient is used (e.g. Sodium)
  • Indirectly uses energy obtained from the hydrolysis of ATP
A

SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

52
Q

move two substances in the same
direction

A

SYMPORTERS

53
Q

opposite directions

A

ANTIPORTERS

54
Q

materials move into the cell in a
vesicle formed from the plasma membrane

A

ENDOCYTOSIS

55
Q

highly selective; imparts materials that are needed by cells

A

RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS

56
Q
  • aka cell eating
  • Phagocytes (s.g. WBCs) engulfs bacteria or viruses
A

PHAGOCYTOSIS

57
Q
  • pinocytosis, aka cell drinking
  • Extracellular fluid is taken up
A

BULK-PHASE ENDOCYTOSIS

58
Q
  • material moves out of the cell by
    fusion from the plasma membrane
A

EXOCYTOSIS

59
Q

RBCs are destroyed in ________

A

hypertonic or hypotonic solutions

60
Q

Hypertonic = ? (too much sodium)
● Hypotonic = ? (too little
sodium)

A

cerebral edema; dehydrated individuals

61
Q
  • a drug given to patients with heart failure; slows the action of sodium-potassium pumps
A

DIGITALIS OR DIGOXIN

62
Q
  • Genetic disorder that affects the active transport of chloride ions into cells
  • Causes less water to move into the tubes
  • Causes the tubes to become clogged with mucus
A

CYSTIC FIBROSIS

63
Q

HIV and the CD4+ (T helper cell)

A

VIRUSES AND RECEPTOR-MEDIATED
ENDOCYTOSIS

64
Q

Lung disease the damages the walls of air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs

65
Q

have large surface area for the diffusion of O2 from air into blood

2ND YEAR FIRST SEM (8 decks)

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