ANAPHY MIDTERMS 1 Flashcards
consists of the structures
used to acquire O2 and remove CO2 from the
blood.
respiratory system
is a by-product of ATP production and must
be removed from the blood.
CO2/Carbon Dioxide
Increased levels of CO2 will _____ the pH of the
blood
lower
breathing, the movement of air into
and out of the lungs
Ventilation
the exchange of O2 and
CO2 between the air in the lungs and the blood
External Respiration
O2 and CO2 travel in the blood
to and from cells
Gas Transport
the exchange of O2 and
CO2 between the blood and the tissues
Internal Respiration
The lungs
produce an enzyme called ________ which regulates blood pressure.
angiotensin-converting
enzyme (ACE)
Air moving past the vocal
folds makes sound and speech possible.
Voice production
The sensation of smell occurs when
airborne molecules are drawn into the nasal cavity
Olfaction
The respiratory system provides
protection against some microorganisms by
preventing them from entering the body and
removing them from respiratory surfaces.
Protection
encloses the chamber for air
inspiration.
External nose
a cleaning, warming, and
humidifying chamber for inspired air.
Nasal cavity
commonly called the throat, it serves
as a shared passageway for food and air.
Pharynx
the voice box
Larynx
structures from the
nose to the larynx
Upper respiratory tract
structures from the
trachea through the alveoli in the lungs
Lower respiratory tract
structures from the nose to
the air tubes within the lungs used strictly for
ventilation
Conducting zone
small air tubes in the lungs
and the alveoli where gas exchange occurs
Respiratory zone
composed of mainly of hyaline cartilage
External nose
extends from nares (nostrils) to the choana which
are the openings to pharynx
Nasal cavity
air filled spaces within bone
Paranasal sinuses
bony projections on each side of nasal cavity, help in cleaning, humidifying, warming of air
Conchae
a common passageway for the respiratory
and digestive systems
PHARYNX
takes in air
Nasopharynx
extends from uvula to epiglottis, takes in food,
drink, and air
Oropharynx
extends from epiglottis to esophagus,
food and drink pass through
Laryngopharynx
“little grape”
extension of soft palate
Uvula
aids in defending against infections
Pharyngeal tonsil
located in the anterior throat and extends
from the base of the tongue to the trachea and consists of 9 cartilages
LARYNX
largest piece of cartilage
and called Adam’s apple
Thyroid cartilage
piece of cartilage
and flap that prevents swallowed materials from
Epiglottis
false vocal cords
Vestibular Folds
source of voice production
and air moves past them, they vibrate, and sound
is produced
Vocal Cords
“Windpipe”
Consists of 16 to 20 C-shaped pieces of cartilage
called tracheal rings
Trachea
Divides into right and left main (primary) bronchi in
the lungs at the carina
* Lined with cilia
* Contain C-shaped pieces of cartilage
Bronchi
Structures become smaller and more
numerous from primary bronchi to alveoli.
Tracheobronchial Tree
- the smooth muscle relaxes,
making the bronchiole diameter larger.
Bronchodilation
the smooth muscle
contracts, making the bronchiole diameter smaller
Bronchoconstriction
contraction of terminal
bronchioles leads to reduced air flow
Asthma attack
The sites of external respiration and it was describe as small air-filled sacs where air and blood
Alveoli
have a few
attached alveoli.
Respiratory bronchioles
arise from the respiratory
bronchioles and open into alveoli.
Alveolar ducts
are chambers connected to
two or more alveoli at the end.
Alveolar sacs
In lungs where gas exchange between air
and blood occurs, Formed by walls of alveoli and capillaries
Respiratory Membrane
Primary organ of respiration
Lungs
the space enclosed by
the thoracic wall and the diaphragm
Thoracic cavity
a sheet of skeletal muscle
separating the thoracic cavity from the
abdominal cavity
Diaphragm
Oxygenated blood has passed through the
lungs and picked up _____________
O2/Oxygen
Deoxygenated blood has passed through
the tissues and released some of its ______
O2/Oxygen
Pulmonary arteries carry ________blood to pulmonary capillaries
deoxygenated
Blood becomes ________ and returns to
the heart through pulmonary veins.
oxygenated
space around each lung
Pleural cavity
double-layered membrane around lungs
Pleura
membrane that lines thoracic cavity
Parietal pleura
membrane that covers lung’s surface
Visceral pleura
the process of moving air in and out of the lungs
Ventilation
increase the volume of the
thoracic cavity
Muscles of inspiration
decrease thoracic volume
by depressing the ribs and sternum.
Muscles of expiration
When the volume of a container increases the air
pressure _________.
decreases
When the volume of a container decreases air
pressure __________.
Increases
- Diaphragm descends and rib cage expands
- Thoracic cavity volume increases, pressure
decreases - Atmospheric pressure is greater than
alveolar pressure - Air moves into alveoli (lungs)
Inspiration
- Diaphragm relaxes and rib cage recoils
- Thoracic cavity volume decreases, pressure
increases - Alveolar pressure is greater than
atmospheric pressure - Air moves out of lungs
Expiration
Blood returning from tissues and entering alveoli
in the lungs has a _______ partial pressure of O2 and
a ________ partial pressure of CO2 than the air in the
alveoli.
-lower
-higher
Blood traveling from the lungs and through
capillaries in the tissues has a ______ partial
pressure of O2 and a _______ partial pressure of CO2
than the interstitial fluid.
-higher
-lower
- Once O2 and CO2 enter the blood they interact
with components that increase their _________.
solubility
CO2 reacts with water to form ________.
carbonic acid
Carbonic acid dissociates into a _________ and ___________ .
hydrogen ion and a
bicarbonate ion
Carbonic anhydrase (RBC) increases rate of CO2
reacting with water As CO2 levels increase, blood
pH decreases
