Anaphy Flashcards
This major component of tissue is tough,protective and made out of protein fibers
Collagen
This major component of tissue are Negatively charged protein/carbohydrate molecules that attract water
Proteoglycans
This type of cellular connection fuses membranes of adjacent cells allowing no movement
Tight junctions
This type of cellular connection provides strong,, flexible connections between cells
Desmosomes
This type of cellular connection connects the cell to the ECM
Hemidesmosomes
This type of cellular connection allows intercellular passageways between cells
Gap junctions
This type of membrane anchors epithelia to the ECM
Basement membrane
This layer of basement membrane is a mixture of glycoproteins and collagen
Lamina Lucida
This layer of basement membrane has a denser more structural weave of tough collagen fibers
Lamina densa
This surface of epithelia is attached to the basement membrane
Basal surface
This surface of epithelia is exposed to the external environment or internal space
Apical surface
moves material across the surface
Cilia
This increases the surface area of the surface
Microvili
Found in air sacs of lungs, the lining
of heartblood vessels and lymphatic vessels
Simple squamous
Lines kidney tubules
Simple cuboidal
Lines digestive and reproductive tracts
Simple columnar
Lines trachea and respiratory tract
Pseudo stratified columnar
Lines esophagus mouth and vagina
Stratified squamous
Found in sweat glands, salivary glands
Stratified cuboidal
Found in male urethra
Stratified columnar
Lines bladder urethra and ureters
Transitional epithelium
These glands secrete hormones into the blood and are ductless
Endocrine glands
Secretes substances locally through a duct
Exocrine Glands
Glands that form tubes
Tubular glands
Glands that form pockets
Acinar glands
This type of secretion is accomplished by exocytosis
Apocrine secretion
This type of secretion accumulates near the apical surface of a gland
Apocrine secretion
This type of secretion involves the rupture and destruction of entire gland cells
Holocrine secretion
List types of connective tissue proper
Areolar
Adipose
Reticular
Dense regular
Dense irregular
List the types of supportive connective tissue
Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage
Compact bone
Spongy bone
This tissue type can be found in the subcutaneous layer and supports nearby tissues
Areolar connective tissue
This connective tissue is found in the subcutaneous layer and cushions and stores energy
Adipose connective tissue
It is found in the lymphatic tissues spleen and liver and it is the framework of internal organs
Reticular connective tissue
This connective tissue forms tendons and ligaments and has it fibers facing in only 1 direction
Dens regular connective tissue
This connective tissue is found in the skin and has the fibers oriented in every direction
Dense irregular connective tissue
This is the most abundant connective tissue and ifound withine joints and ribs
Hyaline cartilage
This is the strongest type of cartilage and is found in the intervertebral discs
Fibrocartilage
This is the most flexible type of cartilage and is located in the external ear
Elastic cartilage
The most rigid of the connective tissue
Bone
This type of muscle is attached to the bone has striations, controlled voluntarily and it is multinucleated
Skeletal muscle
Found in the walls of the heart, contains striations, controlled involuntarily and the cells are attached by intercalated discs
Cardiac muscle
Found within internal organs, lacks striations and is involuntarily controlled
Smooth muscle
Part of the neuron where there are Short branches that receive signals
Dendrites
Nouses the nucleus and organelles of the neuron
Cell body
The part of the neuron where a long projection that is used to send action potentials
Axon
It is the gap between the neuron and it’s target cell
Synapse
These cells are associated with nervous tissue and performs many support functions for the nervous tissue and some form myelin that insulates axons
Glial cells
This membrane lines body cavites that are open to the external environment
Associated with the Digestive, Respiratory, Urinary, Reproductive tracts
Mucous membranes
Covers and lines internal organs and reduces friction created as organs move
Serous membrane
(Pericardium,Pleura, peritoneum)
This membrane is the skin that covers the entire body
Cutaneous membrane
This type of membrane lines the joints
Synovial membrane
This is the body’s initial response to injury and limits the extent of the injury and begins the repair proccess
Inflammation
Cancer derived from epithelial tissue
Carcinoma
Cancer in myeloid tissue or blood cells
Myelomas
Cancer of white blood cells
Leukemia
Cancer that is derived from connective tissue
Sarcomas
What connects the skin to underlying muscle
Fascia
What is the epidermis made out of?
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Is an intracellular fibrous protein made of long alpha helices
Keratin
Deepest layer of the epidermal layers, single layer of cells and actively devides to replace the cells in the superficial layers
Stratum basale
Are sensory receptors used for discriminatory touch
Merkel cells
Black and brown pigment of melanin
Eumelanin
Reddish pigment of melanin
Pheomelanin
Eight layers thick and keratinocytes are shaped like footballs and the cells are constantly pushed towards the stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Cells in the stratum spinosum that provide immune protection
Langerhans (dendritic) cells
Cells begin to flatten and accumulate keratin and melanin can travel to this layer contained in melanosimes while cells die at the most superficial layer of this stratum
Stratum Granulosum
Only found in thick skin and composed of tightly packed dead keratinocytes
Stratum lucidum
In the stratum lucidums cells what protein that functions as a water barrier called
Eleidin
The most superficial layer of epidermis
About 15-30 layers of dead keratinocytes
Stratum corneum
Finger like projections of the dermis into the epidermis that helps anchor it to the epidermis and is noticable as fingerprints
Dermal papillae
Lies deep to the epidermis and is composed mainly of connective tissue and it supports the epidermis with nutrients, strength and elasticity
Dermis
The superficial layer of the dermis that is composed of loose areolar connective tissue and contains the dermal papillae and senses light pressure
Papillary layer
Deeper layer of the dermis made of dense irregular connective tissue and senses deep pressure
Reticular layer
Also known as the subcutaneous layer
And lies deep to the dermis and composed of mainly adipose and loose areolar connective tissue
Highly vascularized and provides insulation and cushing
Hypodermis
4 accessory structures of the skin
1.Hair
2.Nails
3.sweat glands
4.sebaceous glands
Found on most body surfaces except thick skin and is composed of dead keratinized cells from the epidermis
Hair
Is the visible portion of the hair
Hair shaft
Is the hair between the bulb and the shaft
Hair root
Can change the angle of the hair shaft during thermo regulation or fear response ( goosebumps)
Arrector pili muscle
Is the epidermis cells at the base of the hair follicle and the deepest portion of follicle
Hair bulb
Is the dermal tissue portion of the hair follicle. Because it is connective tissue it has blood vessels and nerves
Hair papilla
Center of the hair shaft
Medulla
Surrounds medulla
Cortex
Surrounds cortex
Cuticle
Living component of the nail and produces the nail body
Nail bed
Visible hard portion of the nail
Nail body
Proximal side of the nail body
Nail root
Thin layer of skin at the base of the nail
Nail cuticle (eponychium)
Crescent shaped region of nail bed
Lunula
Other name for sweat glands
Sudoriferous glands
What does the sweat glands produce in order to aid in temperature regulation
And it’s other word
Sweat (perspiration )
It is found all over the body, less viscous and is involved in thermo regulation
Eccrine sweat glands
It is found in groin and armpits, has a more viscous secretion and may be involved in pheromone release
Apocrine sweat glands
The accumulation of sebum, keratin and dead cells can block hair follicle
Acne
Detects heat or cold
Nociceptors
Detects pain
Nociceptors
Detects touch
Tactile corpuscle
Detects pressure and vibration
Lamellated corpuscle
This burn only effects the epidermis
1st degree burn
This type of burn affects both the epidermis and dermis
2nd degree burn
This type of burn affects the epidermis the hypodermis and the dermis
3rd degree burns
The most common type of cancer in the US and occurs frequently in areas that are susceptible to long term sub exposure
Basal cell carcinoma
Is a cancer that affects the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum and is the 2nd most common skin cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma
Is a cancer characterized by the uncontrolled growth of melanocytes
Melanoma
A raised scar
Keloid
A scar with a sunken apperance
Atrophic scar
Raised area of the skin due to tissue healing
Granulation tissue
Is found at the end of bones where e they form joints
Hyaline cartilage
This cartilage is not found in the skeletal system
Elastic cartilage
Is found between vertebrae within the knee and the public symphisis
Fibrocartilage
Is adipose tissue. As the skeleton increases in size during childhood and adolescence it gains this type of bone marrow
Yellow bone marrow
Is the site for generation of blood cells
Red bone marrow
Contains the red bone marrow
Spongy bone
Attach bones to each other
Ligaments
Contains the yellow bone marrow
Medullary cavity
It is made of hyaline cartilage and is found at joints
Articular cavity
Covers the surface of the bone
Periosteum
Cylindrical and longer as It is wide while also providing leverage
Long bone
Cube like shape and provides stability,support, while allowing for some motion
Short bone
Thin and curved and is found at points of attachment for muscle: protectors of internal organs
Flat bone
Complex shape and also protects internal organs
Irregular bone
Small and round and embedded in tendons Wich protects it from compressive force
Sesamoid bone
How do tendons and ligaments attach to the periosteum
Perforating fibers
Dense irregular connective tissue lining the surface of the bones
Periosteum
Dense irregular connective tissue lining the medullary cavity
Endosteum
This is where 2 bones meet
Articulating surface
Sunken portion of a bone
Depressions
Projects above the bones surface
Projections
An opening or a groove in the bone
Holes and spaces
Round surface
Condyle
Flat surface
Facet
Prominent rounded surface
Head
Rounded articulating surfaces
Trochlea
It is a depression with a elongated basin
Fossa
It is a depression with a groove
Sulcus
Ridge
Crest
Projection of a condyle
Epicondyle
Slight elongated ridge
Line
Prominent feature
Process
Long projection (branch)
Ramus
Sharp process
Spine
Rough and round projection
Trochanter
Small rounded process
Tubercle
Rough surface
Tuberosity
Passage in the bone
Canal
Slit through bone
Fissure
Opening into canal
Meatus
Air filled space within a bone
Sinus
Cells of cartilage that secrete matrix
Chondroblasts
Cells that are completely surrounded by matrix
Chondrocytes
Stem cells that develop into osteoblasts and communicates via canaliculi
Osteogenic cells
Cells that form new bone matrix
Osteoblasts
Mature osteoblasts that are completely surrounded by Matrix
Osteocytes
Cells that break down bown
Osteoclasts
Structural unit of compact bone
Osteon
Compact bone is made of matrix called the and surrounds the central canal
Concentric lamellae
The process of forming bone
Ossification
Connective tissue is used to make bones and also forms flat bones of cranium and face
Intramembranous ossification
Hyaline cartilage is used to create bone and it also forms most of the long bones
Endochondral ossification
This type of cartilage growth grows longer due to mitotic replication of chondrocytes and allows bones to increase in length
Interstial cartilage growth
Cartilage grows wider Wich occurs as cells in perichondrium become chondroblasts and secrete matrix
Appositional cartilage growth
Anchors epiphyseal plate to epiphysis
Reserve zone
Chondrocytes that recently underwent mitosis
Proliferative zone
Anchors epiphyseal plate to diaphysis and contains dead chondracytes surrounded by bone matrix
Zone of calcified matrix
Causes bone to take up calcium
Calcitonin
Causes bone to release calcium
Parathyroid
It is a silent disease that decreases bone density over time making them less able to support body weight and handle stress
Osteoporosis
