ANAPHY Flashcards
One or more cells that secretes a particular product
Gland
2 major types of glands
Endocrine gland
Exocrine gland
Endocrine gland characteristics
- ductless
- secretions are hormones
Exocrine gland characteristics
- empty through ducts to the epithelial surface
- includes sweat and oil glands
- found everywhere in the body
- includes the most abundant and widely distributed tissues
Connective tissue
Function of connective tissues
- binds body tissues tgt
- supports the body
- provides protection
Characteristics of connective tissues
- variations in blood supply: some tissue types are well vascularized; some are avascular
- extracellular matrix: non-living material that surrounds living cells
2 main elements of extracellular matrix
Ground substance
Fibers
What are ground substances?
It is mostly water along with adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules
What are fibers?
- produced by cells
3 types of fibers
Collagen
Elastic
Reticular
What type of tissues are bones?
Osseous tissue
Bones are composed of:
- bone cells in lacunae (cavities)
- hard matrix of calcium salts
- large numbers of collagen fibers
Function of bones:
Used to protect and support the body
Most common cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Hyaline cartilages are composd of:
- abundant collagen fibers
- rubbery matrix
Example of hyaline cartilage
Entire fetal skeleton
Function of elastic cartilage:
Provides elasticity
Example of elastic cartilage
Supports the external ear
Fibrocartilage characteristics
Highly compressible
Example of fibrocartilage:
Forms cushion-like discs between vertebrae
Why is forming cushion-like discs between vertebrae important?
Because it allows you to absorb impact and maintain height
Characteristics of dense connective tissues:
- main matrix element is collagen fibers
- cells are fibroblasts
Examples of dense connective tissues
- tendon (attach muscle to bone)
- ligaments (attach bone to bone)
Characteristics of areolar connective tissue
- most widely distributed connective tissue
- soft, pliable tissue
- contains all fiber types
- can soak up excess fluid
Characteristics of adipose tissue
- matrix is areolar tissue in which fat globules predominate
- many cells contain large lipid deposits
Function of adipose tissues
- insulates the body
- protects some organs
- serve as a site of fuel storage
Delicate network of interwoven fibers
Reticular connective tissue
Reticular connective tissue forms…
Stroma (internal supporting network) of lymphoid organs
Types of lymphoid organs
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Bone marrow
Characteristics of blood
- blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix
- fibers are visible during clotting
Function of blood
Transport vehicle for materials
Function of muscle tissue
Produce movement
3 types of muscle tissues
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
Characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue
- controlled voluntarily
- cells attach to connective tissue
- cells are striated
- multi nucleated
Characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue
- found only in the heart
- cells attached to other cardiac muscle cells at intercalated disks
- cells are striated
- mono nucleated
Function of cardiac muscle tissue
To plump blood
Characteristics of smooth muscle tissue
- involuntary
- surrounds hollow organs
- attached to other smooth muscle cells
- no visible striations
- mono nucleated
Neurons and nerve support cells
Nervous tissue
Function of nervous tissue
- Send impulses to other area of the body: irritability (cell is able to respond to stimuli) & conductivity (able to conduct/transfer signal to another neuron)
Replacement of detsroyed tissue by the same kind of cells
Regeneration
Repair by dense fibrous connective tissue (scar tissue)
Fibrosis
Determination of method in tissue repair
- type of tissue damaged
- severity of the injury
Events in tissue repair
- capillaries become very permeable: introduce clotting proteins and wall off injured area
- formation of granulation tissue
- regeneration of surface epithelium
Tissues that regenerate easily
- epithelial tissues
- fibrous connective tissue and bone
Tissues that regenerate poorly
Skeletal muscle
Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue
- Cardiac muscle
- Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord
Epithelial tissues arise from?
All 3 primary types of germ layers
Muscle and connective tissue arise from?
The mesoderm
Nervous tissue arises from?
The ectoderm
With old age there is a…
Decrease in mass and viability in most tissues
