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Chem 23 > Analytical Separation > Flashcards

Analytical Separation Flashcards

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1
Q

These are useful when there is a significant difference in at least one of the chemical or physical properties between analyte and interferences

A

Separation techniques

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2
Q

What are the classification of separation techniques

A

(1) Basis of Separation
(2) Separation Technique/s

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2
Q

What are the various basis of separation

A

size
mass or density
complex formation
change in physical state
change in chemical state
partitioning between phases

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2
Q

separation techniques for size

A

filtration
dialysis
size-exclusion chromatography

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2
Q

What are the different separation techniques

A

filtration
dialysis
size-exclusion chromatography
centrifugation
masking
distillation
sublimation
recrystallization
precipitation
electrodeposition
volatilization
extraction
chromatography

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3
Q

separation technique for mass or density

A

centrifugation

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4
Q

separation technique for complex formation

A

masking

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4
Q

separation techniques for change in physical state

A

distillation
sublimation
recrystallization

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5
Q

separation techniques for change in chemical state

A

precipitation
electrodeposition
volatilization

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5
Q

separation techniques for partitioning between phases

A

extraction
chromatography

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5
Q

The substance that remains in the filter paper (ex. mud) is called

A

residue

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5
Q

The clear liquid or the substance collected after filtration is called

A

filtrate

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6
Q

it is the method of separating insoluble impurities or substances from a liquid

A

filtration

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6
Q

other term for seize exclusion chromatography

A

gel filtration chromatography or SEC

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7
Q

It is used for protein purification and separates molecules based on size

A

Size Exclusion Chromatography

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8
Q

Molecules are separated based on their size and are eluted in order of decreasing molecular weight

A

Size Exclusion Chromatography

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9
Q

Molecules are separated based on their size and are eluted in order of ________________________________

A

decreasing molecular weight

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10
Q

SEC Workflow (steps)

A
  1. Insert sample in column
  2. Proteins collect at the top of the column
  3. Proteins separate based on size
  4. Proteins exit from the largest to the smallest
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11
Q

Where is SEC useful?

A
  1. Desalting
  2. Fractionation
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12
Q

It is the movement of solute molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

A

diffusion

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12
Q

It is the diffusion of solvent across a semipermeable membrane, the movement solvent molecules from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration

A

osmosis

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13
Q

It is the process of separating molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane

A

dialysis

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14
Q

These three have importance in biological processes

A

Diffusion, Osmosis, and Dialysis

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15
Q

It is the process of separation of insoluble materials from a liquid when normal filtration does not work well

A

Centrifugation

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15
Q

It is based on size, shape, density of the particles, viscosity of the medium, and the speed of rotation

A

Centrifugation

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16
Q

centrifugation is based on:

A

size
shape
the density of the particles
viscosity of the medium
speed of rotation

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17
Q

Its principle is that when spun rapidly, the denser particles are forced to the bottom and the lighter particles stay at the top

A

Centrifugation

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18
Q

It is the apparatus used for centrifugation

A

Centrifuge

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19
Q

It is the centrifuge tube holder in a centrifuge

A

Rotor

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20
Q

It utilizes differences in solubility

A

extraction

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21
Q

It utilizes differences in polarity

A

chromatography

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21
Q

It utilizes differences in boiling points

A

distillation

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22
Q

Extraction utilizes differences in ______________

A

solubility

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22
Q

Chromatography utilizes difference in _______________

A

polarity

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23
Q

Distillation utilizes differences in _____________________

A

boiling points

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24
Q

Mixture of two ____________________ with very disparate boiling points

A

miscible liquids

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25
Q

The ________________ will cause the temperature inside the condenser to drop

A

cold water

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26
Q

The cold water will cause the temperature inside the condenser to drop, so when the vapor enters this section, it will ______________ back into a liquid

A

condense

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27
Q

After distillation, the condensed vapor is often called the

A

distillate

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28
Q

It refers to the liquid product that is collected after the vapor has been condensed and separated through the distillation process

A

distillate

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28
Q

It is useful for performing separations

A

distillation

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29
Q

It utilizes a fractionating column to separate mixtures with many components, like the atmosphere, or certain mixtures with industrial applications

A

Fractional distillation

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29
Q

It is useful for running reactions

A

distillation

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30
Q

It is a mixture of two or more liquids that when boiled, the vapor will contain those constituents in the same proportion as the liquid, and it will boil at a temperature lower than any of their individual boiling points

A

Azeotope

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31
Q

These are examples of such an azeotrope, where special techniques are needed for such mixtures

A

ethanol and water

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32
Q

Distillation Tips

A
  • Make sure your distillation flask is not more than half full
  • Make sure your thermometer is in the correct position
  • Make sure your heat source is easy to remove very quickly
  • Make sure everything is clamped and clipped
  • You may collect distillate only at the desired temperature range
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32
Q

mixture of ammonium chloride and chalk powder can be separated by the method of

A

sublimation

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32
Q

It is the property of substance in which it is converted directly from solid to gas or vice versa

A

sublimation

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32
Q

substances converted directly from solid to gas or vice versa

A

sublime

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33
Q

Some example of solids which sublimes are

A
  • ammonium chloride
  • camphor
  • naphthalene
  • anthracene
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34
Q

one technique for the purification of solids

A

Recrystallization

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34
Q

It is used to solve when the lattice structure is forming during the precipitation, ions, and other particles that do not belong in the lattice will get trapped inside and disrupt the pattern of the lattice

A

Recrystallization

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35
Q

Recrystallization needs a solvent that offers:

A
  • low solubility at room temp. (will recrystallize upon cooling)
  • high solubility at high temp. (will dissolve upon heating)
  • high solubility for the impurity at room temperature (stays dissolved)
  • or low solubility for the impurity at high temp. (never dissolves)
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35
Q

It is a powerful process for the purification of solids

A

Recrystallization

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36
Q

Solvent selection may require trial and error needs

A
  • polarity of the solvent
  • tabulated solubility data
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37
Q

This will increase as a result of the recrystallization process

A

Purity

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38
Q

It can kick start crystallization

A

seed crystal

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39
Q

collect the crystals by _____________

A

filtration

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39
Q

it happens when chemical in a solution react to form a solid

A

Precipitation Reactions

39
Q

Dissolved substances producing solids

A

Precipitation Reactions

40
Q

Ions dissociating and rebonding

A

Precipitation Reactions

41
Q

One of the best ways to produce chemical of the highest purity

A

Precipitation Reactions

41
Q

These are what create geological deposits in the earth

A

Precipitation Reactions

42
Q

This is good at dissolving, particularly ionic compounds

A

water

42
Q

Water is good at dissolving, particularly ________ compounds

A

ionic

43
Q

Some ionic compounds can overcome even the dissolving power of water, and when they form through reactions in solution, they fall out as a ___________________

A

solid precipitate

44
Q

_______________ in the water reacted with ionic compounds, or salts, in the limestone to make insoluble silver compounds that fell out of solution

A

silver ions

45
Q

Getting the silver out of silver chloride will involve another kind of reaction, a _______________________

A

redox reaction

45
Q

It is a crystalline solid that is not very soluble in water

A

silver chloride

45
Q

Spectator ions: _________ and _________, does not participate directly in the reaction

A

nitrate, sodium

45
Q

It is a process in which metal atoms are transported onto the surface of another metal using electricity

A

electroplating

45
Q

what are the various uses of electroplated materials

A

chromium plating
gold plating
zinc plating
tin plating
titanium plating
silver plating

45
Q

It is commonly used for decorative purposes and for preventing corrosion

A

Electroplating

45
Q

As a result of ____________________, the metal surface is plated in a thin layer of the imported atoms

A

electroplating process

45
Q

The most common metals used in electroplating are:

A

copper
nickel
chromium
tin
gold
silver
platinum
palladium
zinc
rhodium

46
Q

It is a metal which has high corrosion resistance and its appearance is aesthetically pleasing, so chrome plating is used for decorative purposes, providing corrosion resistance and increasing surface hardness

A

chromium

47
Q

Chromium provides?

A

corrosion resistance
increase surface hardness

48
Q

It is also used for providing corrosion resistance

A

zinc

48
Q

The process of zinc electroplating is generally called?

A

galvanization

48
Q

Zinc is plated onto _____or ______, to prevent rusting

A

steel, iron

48
Q

The zinc layer sacrifices itself and rusts over time, so the plated material is protected and this process is called?

A

sacrifice plating

48
Q

Zinc is plated onto steel or iron, to prevent?

A

rusting

49
Q

Electroplating is carried out with a special device called an?

A

electrolytic cell

50
Q

An electrolytic cell consists of?

A

DC battery
electrodes
electrolytic solution

50
Q

The electrode, where atoms give electrons is called the?

A

anode

50
Q

oxidation reactions are carried out in the?

A

anode

50
Q

Reduction reactions are carried out in the?

A

cathode

51
Q

The electrode, where atoms gain electrons is called the?

A

cathode

52
Q

In electroplating, the anode should be ______________ charged

A

positively

53
Q

In electroplating, the cathode should be _______________ charged

A

negatively

54
Q

The metal to be used for plating must be connected to the?

A

anode

54
Q

the metal to be plated must be connected to the?

A

cathode

55
Q

the ____________________ must be a solution of a salt of the metal used for the anode

A

electrolytic solution

56
Q

the electrolytic solution must be a solution of a salt of the metal used for the _________

A

anode

56
Q

the electrolytic solution must be a solution of a _______ of the metal used for the anode

A

salt

56
Q

When the current is turned on, positively charged cations move to the _______, and negatively charged anions move to the anode

A

cathode

56
Q

these moves to the anode when the current is turned on

A

negatively charged anions

56
Q

When the current is turned on, positively charged cations move to the cathode, and negatively charged anions move to the ________

A

anode

56
Q

these moves to the cathode when the current is turned on

A

positively charged cations

57
Q

Cathode gain electrons and become?

A

neutral

57
Q

These typically become solid when in their neutral form

A

metal atoms

58
Q

metals atom are typically solid when in their?

A

neutral form

58
Q

those which _________________ become solid and build upon the cathode

A

gain electrons

59
Q

On the anode, a compound ______ electrons because of the current

A

lose

60
Q

On the anode, a compound lose electrons because of the current, therefore, these atoms move to the _________ and become solid

A

cathode

61
Q

The _______ mass decreases and the __________ is plated

A

anode’s, cathode

61
Q

It is used to calculate the quantity of analyte in a sample

A

Volatilization gravimetry

61
Q

what is the other term for electroplating process

A

electrodeposition

61
Q

In _________________, a sample, whether it be a compound or a mixture, is heated or allowed to undergo a chemical reaction, and the volatile components are liberated and are thus separated from the remaining components of the sample

A

volatilization

62
Q

This means the conversion of a substance to the gas phase

A

Volatilization

62
Q

It is an analytical method used to measure mass or change in mass to quantify an analyte

A

Gravimetry or gravimetric analysis

63
Q

It is a mass analysis method that uses thermal or chemical energy to separate substances in order to measure their masses

A

Volatilization gravimetry

63
Q

Examples of volatile compounds which may be released during chemical or thermal decomposition of a sample include:

A

nitrogen gas
chlorine gas
carbon dioxide gas
water vapor

64
Q

The loss of water vapor from a hydrated salt is a specific example of?

A

volatilization gravimetry

65
Q

Water molecules that form part of a salt crystal lattice structure are specifically referred to as?

A

water of crystallization or water of hydration

65
Q

We can determine the mass of water of crystallization in a salt using?

A

volatilization gravimetry

66
Q

It is a salt containing water molecules within its structure

A

Hydrated salt

67
Q

This refers to a salt that does not contain water of crystallization

A

Anhydrous

68
Q

The mass of dehydrated salt can be determined by?

A

weighing

69
Q

The mass of the anhydrous salt is ______________ than the hydrated salt because of the loss of water

A

smaller

70
Q

The mass of the anhydrous salt is smaller than the hydrated salt because of the?

A

loss of water

71
Q

The mass of this water lost can be determined by the difference in the masses between the?

A

hydrated and dehydrated salts

71
Q

This __________________________ of dehydrated salt is what we will use in calculations

A

unchanging constant mass

71
Q

The reverse reaction is promoted by the?

A

addition of water and cooling

71
Q

It is also useful to determine the coefficient for the water of crystallization it is unknown

A

Volatilization gravimetry

72
Q

We can also use the various masses determine from a volatilization experiment to calculate the ______________________________ in a hydrated salt

A

percentage of water of crystallization

73
Q

We will rely on _____________ and ________________in separating mixtures with smaller particles

A

solubility, reactivity

74
Q

Use of ____________________ to separate with ease

A

physical properties

75
Q

It is an ionic compound that is water soluble

A

Sodium chloride

76
Q

It is a steroid which is a type of lipid, and is therefore water insoluble

A

cholesterol

76
Q

Non-polar solvent like ________ will easily dissolve nonpolar and water insoluble compounds

A

ether

77
Q

It means do not mix

A

immiscible

77
Q

Two layers will be formed, on the bottom is the _____________ since it is denser, and on the top is the ________________

A

aqueous layer, organic layer

77
Q

It is trickier to separate

A

having similar solubilities

78
Q

It is much easier to separate

A

having different solubilities

79
Q

It is a drying agent

A

sodium sulfate

80
Q

It is ubiquitous in the organic chemistry laboratory

A

Extraction

80
Q

Most reactions end by quenching via some _________________ followed by extraction in a separatory funnel

A

aqueous workup

81
Q

Most reactions end by quenching via some aqueous workup followed by _______________ in a separatory funnel

A

extraction

82
Q

These will be diluted along the paper

A

Individual components

83
Q

The advantages of using chromatography are:

A

only a small sample is required
it can be used as a method to determine if the sample is pure

83
Q

Dyes which are more soluble in the solvent will migrate ___________ and _____________ along the chromatography paper

A

faster, further

83
Q

It is the technique used to separate small amount of substances from a mixture based on the different solubilities of the components in the particular solvent

A

Chromatography

84
Q

Marking the solvent front is crucial for calculation of the?

A

Rf values

85
Q

This type of dye will not migrate

A

insoluble

86
Q

Sample spots should be?

A

above solvent level

86
Q

What happens if the sample spots are below the solvent level?

A

the inks cannot be separated

Chem 23 (7 decks)

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