Analytic Techniques and Instrumentation Flashcards
Energy that eventually makes its way to the outer region of the sun and is emitted away in the form of energy
Electromagnetic Radiation
A particle of electromagnetic radiation is known as
Photon
Electromagnetic Radiation is spread in the form of
Electromagnetic waves
Speed of electromagnetic waves
300,000 km/h
Electromagnetic waves are characterized by
Wavelength and Frequency
Distance between 2 identical points on consecutive waves
Wavelength
Distance between origin and crest
Amplitude
number of waves that pass a point per unit of time
Frequency
Wavelength x Frequency =
Speed
Wavelength is ______ proportional to Frequency
Inversely
Energy is ______ proportional to wavelength
Inversely
A wave of alternating electric and magnetic fields
Light
2 categories of Light
Invisible & Visible
Invisible Light examples
Infrared
Microwaves
Radio waves
X-ray
Gamma radiation
Ultraviloet
Wavelength of X-ray and Gamma Radiations
Shorter than 190nm
wavelength of Ultraviolet
190nm - 340nm
Wavelength of visible light
340nm - 700nm
Reflected light is aka
Transmitted light
White light is aka
Polychromatic light
The type of light that our eyes see
Reflected light
Type of light that is composed of all the visible colors
White light
Visible light that Produces only one color
Monochromatic
Color transmitted when Violet is absorbed
Yellow
Color transmitted when Indigo is absorbed
Yellow
Color transmitted when Blue is absorbed
Orange
Color transmitted when Green is absorbed
Red
States that the concentration of a substance is directly proportional to the amount of light absorbed and inversely proportional to the logarithm of the light transmitted
Beer-Lamberts Law
The relative amount of light passing through the sample is known as
Transmittance
Transmittance formula
T = transmitted light / incident light
Difference in amount of light transmitted by the blank and the sample
Presence of compound
is the relative amount of light absorbed by the samples and is related to transmittance
Absorbance
Absorbance is aka
Optical Density
Absorbance formula
A = ebc
e in absorbance formula is
Molar absorptivity
b in absorbance formula is
length of light path/optical path
c in absorbance formula is
concentration of analyte
is the measurement of the light transmitted by a solution to determine the concentration of the light-absorbing substance in the solution
Spectrophotometry
Internal component of spectrophotometry that provides the electromagnetic radiation as visible infrared or ultraviolet light
Light Source
Most common light source in spectrophotometry
Incandescent Tungsten
3 types of monochromator
Prism
Diffraction Gratings
Interference Filters
Wedge shaped piece of glass, quartz, or sodium chloride that allows transmission of light
Prism
Changes in direction of waves that occurs when waves travels to one medium to another
Refraction
Aluminized surfaces that has been cut into tiny grooves that can act as a prism and a slit
Diffraction Grating
the bending of waves around obstacles and openings
Diffraction
Constructed by using two parallel glass plates, which are silvered internally and separated by thin film of dielectric material of different refractive index
Interference Filter
Types of Interference
Constructive and Destructive
Interference where crest line up together like a perfect fit puzzle resulting to higher amplitude
Constructive Interference
Interference where crest and trough meet, resulting in low amplitude
Destructive Interference
Exclusion of unwatned light from entering the monochromator
Entrance slit
Allows only a narrow beam of the spectrum to pass through the cuvette
Exit slit
Used to hold the solution in the instrument whose concentration is to be measured
Cuvette
Cuvette for alkaline solutions
Borosilicate glass
Cuvette for wavelength below 320nm
Quartz or Plastic
Cuvette good at visible regions
Alumino silica glass
Cuvette preferable for acidic solutions
Soft glass
Converts transmitted light energy into an equivalent amount of electrical energy
Photodetectors
Types of photodetectors
Barrier-Layer cell
Photoemissive
Photomultiplier
Least expensive photodetector
Barrier-Layer cell
An instrument that provides information about intensity of radiation as a function of wavelength or frequency
Spectrometer
Simplest type of absorption spectrometer which is designed to make one measurement at a time at one specified wavelength
Single Beam Spectrophotometry
Is a rotating sector of mirror that breaks up or rotates radiation beams
Chopper
Measures group 1 metals that contains +1 in charge
Flame Emission Spectrophotometry
Specific regions that electrons occupy
Energy shells
Cloud-like regions in the energy shells where electrons is found
Orbitals
Electrons found at the outermost occupied orbitals of an atom
Valence Electrons
The state that valence electrons enter when it absorbs energy
Excited state
FE Spectro
Breaks up the solution into finer droplets
Atomizer
Source of energy that will be absorbed by the atoms to enter the excitation state
Flame
Type of burner where the sample is aspirated directly into the flame
Total Consumption Burners
Type of burner where the aspirated sample, fuel, and oxidant are thoroughly mixed before reaching the burner opening and then entering the flame
Premix Burner
Flame color of Potassium
Violet
Flame color of Lithium
Red
Flame color of Calcium
Orange
Flame color of Sodium
Yellow
Flame color of Barium
Lime green
Measures group 2 metals with 2+ charges
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
What are the 4 analytical techniques
Spectrophotometry
Luminescence
Chromatography
Electroanalytic Methods
