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MODULE 14 - Patient Support > ANAESTHESIA - Ruminant and Pig Anaesthesia > Flashcards

ANAESTHESIA - Ruminant and Pig Anaesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

What should you do to prepare for ruminant anaesthesia?

A

Fast your patient
Establish intravascular access (if possible)

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2
Q

How long should you fast calves for prior to anaesthesia?

A

8 - 12 hours for food, 8 hours for water

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3
Q

How long should you fast mature cows for prior to anaesthesia?

A

12 - 24 hours for food, 12 hours for water

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4
Q

How long should you fast mature bulls for prior to anaesthesia?

A

24 - 36 hours for food, 24 hours for water

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5
Q

Which vessels can you use to establish vascular access in ruminants?

A

Jugular vein
Auricular vein

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6
Q

Which procedure will you commonly need to do to gain access the jugular vein in ruminants?

A

Venous cut down procedure because of their thick skin

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7
Q

What is the standard premedication combination for ruminants?

A

α2 agonist and Butorphanol

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8
Q

Which α2 agonists are licensed in ruminants?

A

Xylazine
Detomidine

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9
Q

Which opioid is licensed in ruminants?

A

Butorphanol

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10
Q

Which two risks should you be aware of when administering α2 agonists to ruminants?

A

Arterial hypoxaemia
Pulmonary oedema

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11
Q

What should you always have on hand when administering α2 agonists to ruminants?

A

Oxygen supplementation just in case they develop arterial hypoxaemia and/or pulmonary oedema

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12
Q

What can you do to reduce the risk of arterial hypoxaemia and pulmonary oedema in ruminants following α2 agonist administration?

A

Administer the α2 agonist IM as there is an increased risk of side effects with IV administration

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13
Q

What is the standard intravenous (IV) anaesthetic induction protocol in ruminants?

A

Ketamine ± Thiopentone

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14
Q

Why is thiopentone often combined with ketamine to IV induce ruminants?

A

Ketamine is a dissociative anaesthetic and thus the swallowing reflex will be maintained which makes intubation very challenging. Thiopentone reduces swallowing reflex making intubation less challenging

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15
Q

Why is it so important to properly cuff the endotracheal tube when using thiopentone as an IV induction drug in ruminants?

A

Thiopentone causes regurgitation in ruminants so it is important to properly cuff the endotracheal tube to protect the airway from aspiration

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16
Q

Why should thiopentone only be administered IV?

A

Thiopentone should only be administered IV as it causes perivascular irritation and tissue necrosis

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17
Q

What is the standard intramuscular (IM) anaesthetic induction protocol in ruminants?

A

α2 agonist and ketamine

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18
Q

Which inhalant anaesthetic drug is used for maintenance in ruminants?

A

Isoflurane

19
Q

Why is endotracheal intubation so important in ruminants?

A

Endotracheal intubation is so important in ruminants as they are at such a high risk of regurgitation and aspiration of rumenal content and saliva

20
Q

How should you recover ruminants from anaesthesia?

A

Ruminants should be recovered in sternal recumbency with their head elevated and their endotracheal tube left in (still cuffed) which should not be removed until the patient begins to chew the tube. This all reduces the risk of regurgitation and aspiration

21
Q

What are the two most common complications seen in ruminant anaesthesia?

A

Regurgitation and aspiration of rumenal content and saliva
Rumenal tympany (rumen bloat)

22
Q

What should you do to prepare for pig anaesthesia?

A

Fast your patient
Get a patient weight
Establish vascular access (if possible)

23
Q

How long should you generally fast pigs prior to anaesthesia?

A

8 - 12 hours for food and water

24
Q

How long should you fast pigs due to undergo abdominal surgery?

A

24 hours for food and water

25
Q

Which vessel can you use to establish vascular access in pigs?

A

Auricular vein

26
Q

Why do you generally have to use intramuscular (IM) administration in pigs?

A

It is very challenging to gain intravascular access in pigs so intramuscular (IM) injection is generally more realistic

27
Q

Where should you carry out intramuscular (IM) injections in pigs?

A

Behind the ears

28
Q

Why should you carry out intramuscular (IM) injections behind the ears in pigs?

A

Behind the ears has the least subcutaneous fat so you reduce the risk of intrafat injections and there is not valuable meat behind the ears that you can risk damaging

29
Q

What are the two most common premedication combinations in pigs?

A

Azaperone and ketamine
Detomidine, butorphanol and ketamine

30
Q

Why is azaperone and ketamine as a premedication often an unrealistic choice?

A

Azaperone and ketamine require a quiet environment for the pig to become sedated which is often unrealistic on a piggary

31
Q

What is the standard anaesthetic induction protocol in pigs?

A

Ketamine ± Thiopentone

32
Q

Which inhalant anaesthetic drug is used for maintenance in pigs?

A

Isoflurane

33
Q

Why is endotracheal intubation important in pigs?

A

Pigs are prone to regurgitation and aspiration

However ET intubation is very challenging in pigs so mask induction is also an option

34
Q

What are the three most common complications seen in pig anaesthesia?

A

Regurgitation and aspiration
Hypothermia
Porcine malignant hyperthermia

35
Q

Which two factors can trigger porcine malignant hyperthermia?

A

Stress
Inhalant anaesthetic agents

36
Q

Which three breeds of pig are predisposed to porcine malignant hyperthermia?

A

Pietrain
Landrace
Largewhite

37
Q

Explain the pathophysiology of porcine malignant hyperthermia

A

Porcine malignant hyperthermia is a ryanodine receptor mutation which causes an uncontrolled release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum causing sustained muscle contraction which causes hyperthermia and increases the metabolic demand of those skeletal muscle cells resulting in increased oxygen consumption, increased carbon dioxide production and an ATP depletion. This ATP depletion leads to a loss in cell membrane integrity resulting in potassium, myoglobin and creatine kinase release into the bloodstream

38
Q

What are the seven clinical signs of porcine malignant hyperthermia?

A

Generalised muscle rigidity
Blotchy skin
Severe, sustained hyperthermia
Hypercapnia
Metabolic acidosis
Hyperkalaemia
Cardiac arrhythmias

39
Q

Which five methods should you use to treat porcine malignant hyperthermia?

A
  • Stop anaesthesia
  • Remove the vaporiser and replace the breathing system with an uncontaminated one
  • Intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) with 100% oxygen
  • Cool down patient
  • Symptomatic treatment of hyperkalaemia, cardiac arrythmias and metabolic acidosis
40
Q

Which three methods can you use to cool down a patient with porcine malignant hyperthermia?

A

Drench with cold water
Cold IV boluses
Cold enemas

41
Q

Which sedative drug can reduce the risk of porcine malignant hyperthermia?

A

Azaperone

42
Q

What is the prognosis for porcine malignant hyperthermia?

A

Poor prognosis

43
Q

When are benzodiazepines used in ruminants and pigs?

A

Benzodiazepines are used in research ruminants and pigs

MODULE 14 - Patient Support (24 decks)

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