Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Z Year3 Haem Conditions > Anaemia > Flashcards

Anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

What is different classifcations for anaemia?

A

Hb<13g/dL men and <12 in women over 15 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are RF for anaemia?

A
  1. Extremes of age
  2. Female sex
  3. Lactation
  4. Pregnancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What causes microcytic anaemia?

A
  1. Iron deficiency anaemia
  2. Thalassaemia
  3. Sideroblastic anaemia
  4. Anaemia of chronic disease
  5. Sickle cell anaemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What causes normocytic anaemia?

A
  1. Acute blood loss
  2. Anaemia of chronic disease
  3. Bone marrow failure
  4. Renal failure
  5. Hypothyroidism
  6. Haemolysis
  7. Pregnancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What causes macrocytic anaemia?

A
  1. B12 or folate deficiency
  2. Alcohol excess
  3. Reticulocytosis
  4. Cyotixc
  5. Myelodysplastic syndromes
  6. Marrow infiltration
  7. Hypothyroidism
  8. Antifolate drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the signs of haemolytic anaemia?

A
  • mildly jaundice
  • normally normocytic
  • splenomegaly
  • Anaemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What would blood results for haemolytic anaemia show?

A
  1. Increased LDH
  2. Haemoglobinuria
  3. Haemosiderinaemia
  4. Decreased haptoglobins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are hereditary causes of haemolytic anaemia?

A
  • membrane (hereditary spherocytosis)
  • haem (thalassaemias, sickle cell)
  • enzymes (G6PD defici)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are acquired causes of haemolytic anaemia?

A
  • autoimmune
  • drugs
  • MAHA (fibrin strands in circulation and when RBCs pass through they get damaged)
  • Infection (malaria)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are symptoms and signs of anaemia?

A

Depends on cause:

  1. Fatigue
  2. Dyspnoea
  3. Headache
  4. Faintness
  5. Palpitations
  6. Pallor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are signs and symptoms of anaemia if severe?

A
  1. tachycardia
  2. ejection systolic murmur
  3. cardiac enlargement
  4. later heart failure
  5. increased resp rate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are investigations for anaemia?

A
  1. Blood film

2. Ferritin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the management plan for anaemia?

A
  • Blood transfusion is Hb<70g/L and acute
  • Chronic: iron supplements (ferrous sulfate 200mg/8h)
  • Give BT very slowly in heart failure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are causes of reduced uptake IDA?

A
  1. IBD
  2. Malnutirtion
  3. Coeliac
  4. Achlrohydria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the causes of increased loss IDA?

A
  1. GI malignancy
  2. IBD
  3. menstruation
  4. Peptic ulcer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are causes of increased demand IDA?

A
  1. Pregnancy

2. Breastfeeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In anaemia of chronic disease what are levels of ferritin and TIBC?

A
  1. high/normal ferritin
  2. low TIBC
    (acute phase protein so high during infections)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In IDA what are levels of ferritin and TIBC?

A
  1. low ferritin

2. high TIBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What would you see on a blood film for IDA?

A
  1. Ansio-Poikilocytosis
  2. Pencil cells
  3. Hypochromic and microcytic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is TIBC?

A

Transferrin/Total Iron binding capacity it means the same as Transferrin level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are symptoms of IDA?

A
  1. Angular cheilitis
  2. Koilonychia
  3. Pale
  4. Weight loss
  5. Stomach issues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are causes of IDA?

A
  1. Reduced uptake
  2. Increased loss
  3. Increased requirement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the triad for colon cancer?

A
  1. Unexplained IDA
  2. Change in bowel habit
  3. PR bleeding
    (+FLAWS)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What type of anemia is aneamia of chronic disease?

A

usually a normocytic anaemia but can present as microcytic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the path of anemia of chronic disease?
chronic disease e.g. IBD leads to increase of cytokines and increased in hepicidin release
26
What does the increase of hepicidin release lead to in anaemia of chronic disease?
1. Decreases uptake of iron 2. Decreases transport of iron 3. Increases storage of iron 4. Therefore a lot of ferritin (iron store)
27
What happens to iron in infection?
1. Infective organism wants to utilize the body’s iron 2. In response to this, cytokines switch off iron transport via hepcidin 3. This increases its storage and decreases its presence in serum.
28
What is a common type of macrocytic anemia?
megaloblastic anaemia
29
What are causes of megaloblastic anaemia?
folate or B12 deficiency
30
What do you see on a blood film for megaloblastic anaemia?
1. Hyper segmented neutrophils | 2. Macrocytic cells
31
What are causes of VitB12 def?
1. Alcohol 2. IBD and Coeliac 3. Malnutrition 4. Pernicious anaemia
32
What are causes of folate deficiency?
1. Alcohol 2. IBS and coeliac 3. Anti-folate drugs 4. Pregnancy
33
How long does B12 deficiency last for?
reserves last 3-4 years
34
Why can you get folate def in pregger not vitb12?
- Pregnancy is only 9 months – your B12 stores are long enough to last. (3-4 years) - Folate stores run out after ~6 months
35
What is B12 needed for?
RBC maturtiation
36
What symptoms do you get with B12 def?
megaloblastic anemia and neuro signs (no nuero signs in folate)
37
What are the neuro signs in B12 def?
1. Glove and stocking parathesiae 2. Hyporeflexia 3. Romberg’s +ve 4. Subacute combined degeneration of the cord
38
What else is present in B12 def?
``` Pernicious anaemia (anti parietal cells and anti-intrinsic factor) ```
39
What are other causes of megaloblastic macrocytic anaemia?
1. MYELODYSPLASIA 2. HYPOTHYROIDISM 3. LIVER DISEASSE 4. ALCOHOL
40
What are different types of normocytic anaemia?
1. haemolytic anaemia | 2. hereditary haemolytic anaemias
41
What are features of haemolytic anaemias?
1. Scleral icterus | 2. Pale and conjunctivae and skin
42
What are blood test results in haemolytic anaemia?
1. Hb low 2. Haptoglobin low* 3. Unconjugated bilirubin raised 4. LDH raised
43
What are hereditary haemolytic anaemias?
disorders of RBC itself
44
What does a disorder of RBC membrane lead to?
hereditary spherocytosis
45
What does disorder of RBC enzymes lead to?
G-6-PD def
46
What does disorders in the haemoglobin in the rbc lead to?
sickle cell and thalassaemia
47
What sort of inheritence is glucuose-6-phophate def?
x linked recessive
48
What must be avoided in G6PD def?
Vulnerable to oxidative stress - AVOID BROAD BEANS
49
What would be seen on G6PD def blood film and when?
1. Heinz bodies: active haemolysis | 2. Bite cells: previous haemolysis
50
What is the inheritence of hereditary spherocytosis?
Autosomal dominant (75%)
51
What does G6PD enzyme do?
- Helps to increase NADP+ | - So when decreased prone to oxidative stress/deprivation
52
What is seen on blood film for herditary spherocytosis?
spherocytes (lack central whiteness)
53
What is the patho for herditary spherocytosis?
lacks beta spectrin or ankyrin (so problem with cytoskleteon so becomes a blob)
54
What are investigations for hereditary spherocytsois?
1. Osmotoic fragility test: break apart if placed in very concentrated water) 2. Coombs test negative
55
What is a complication of HS?
aplastic crisis
56
What is aplastic crisis?
when you fail to produce red cells (just red cells)
57
Why are you more likely to get aplastic crisis in HS?
due to Parvovirus B19 infection
58
What are different types aquired of haemolytic anaemias?
1. MAHA: HUS, TTP, DIC 2. Autoimmune 3. Drugs 4. Infection
59
What drugs can cause haemolytic anaemia?
e.g. Dapsone | Anti-leprosy ABx
60
What infections can cause haemolytic anaemia?
Plasmodium falciparum malaria (Blackwater fever)
61
What are autoimmune haemolytic anaemia?
1. Anti-RBC antigen antibodies | 2. DAT/Coombs +ve
62
What is autoimmune haemolytic anaemia like when warm >37 degrees?
IgG antibodies 1. Idiopathic 2. SLE 3. CLL
63
What is autoimmune haemolytic anaemia like when cold <37 degrees?
IgM Antibodies 1. Idiopathic 2. Mycoplasma 3. Mononucleosis
64
What can cause normocytic anaemia?
1. Myelofibrosis 2. Aplastic 3. Acute blood loss 4. Haemolytic anaemia
65
What is primary myelofibrosis?
Fibrosis in response to a Bone Marrow malignancy
66
What is the epid of primary myelofibrosis?
1. >65 | 2. Radiation
67
What does BM aspirate show in primary myelofibrosis?
'dry tap’ fibrosis
68
What does blood film show in primary myelofibrosis?
tear drop cells
69
What are examples of microcytic anaemia?
1. IDA 2. ACD 3. Thalasseamia 4. Sickle cell
70
What are examples of macrocytic aneamia?
1. Alcohol 2. Vit B12 3. Folate 4. Myelodysplasia 5. Liver disease 6. Hypothryoidism
71
What are Sx of myelofibrosis?
1. Cachetic | 2. Splenomegaly

Z Year3 Haem Conditions (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions