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MLS-1D FINALS > ANACHEM LEC > Flashcards

ANACHEM LEC Flashcards

1
Q

is the determination
of elemental composition by its
electromagnetic or mass spectrum

A

ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY

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2
Q

When an atom is excited, its electrons
move to ____________ energy levels or orbits.

A

higher

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3
Q

When an electron transitions, it
releases energy in the form of __________________________

A

electromagnetic radiation

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4
Q

This is the process of converting a sample into gas-phase
atoms and ions for analysis.

A

ATOMIZATION

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5
Q

These introduce the sample in a steady, continuous stream

A

CONTINUOUS ATOMIZERS

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6
Q

These introduce individual samples one at a time using a syringe or autosampler.

A

DISCRETE ATOMIZERS

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7
Q

Examples for CONTINUOUS ATOMIZERS

A

Plasma
Flame

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8
Q

Examples for DISCRETE ATOMIZERS

A

Electrothermal Atomizers

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9
Q

A nebulizer creates an aerosol (fine spray) of the sample, which is introduced into a flame or plasma.

A

Direct Nebulization

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10
Q

A plug of sample is introduced with varying concentration over time.

A

Flow Injection and Liquid Chromatography:

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11
Q

An aliquot of the sample is introduced to the atomizer.

A

Direct Solution Samples

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12
Q

is a technique used to analyze
the elements present in a sample.
In this principle the analyte atoms are excited by heat or electrical energy.

A

ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTOMETRY

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13
Q

Each element emits light at specific
wavelengths, so by measuring the
wavelengths of light emitted by the sample,
we can identify which elements are present
and how much of each element is in the
sample.

A

ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTOMETRY

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14
Q

transition to or from the ground state

A

resonance transition

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15
Q

This method involves exposing atomic vapors of an
element to UV-VIS radiation, matching the
element’s characteristic frequency. The absorbed
radiation excites electrons from the ground state to
an excited level, reducing radiation intensity. By
measuring this absorption, we can determine the
concentration of atoms in the ground state, typically
in the UV-VIS region of the spectrum.

A

ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTOMETRY

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16
Q

Light source - Excitation monochromator - Sample holder - Emission monochromator- Detector- Readout device.

A

ATOMIC FLUORESCENCE SPECTOMETRY

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17
Q

allows for the detection and
quantification of trace components in environmental samples, making it
easier to meet regulatory criteria and monitor the environment.

A

ATOMIC FLUORESCENCE SPECTOMETRY

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18
Q

an analytical chemistry technique that helps identify the amount and type of chemicals present in a sample by measuring the mass-to-charge ratio and abundance of gas-phase ions.

A

ATOMIC MASS SPECTROMETRY

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19
Q

the process of converting a sample into

individual atoms or atomic ions.

A

ATOMIZATION

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20
Q

Separating the ions formed in step 2 on the basis of
their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z), where m is the
mass number of the ion and z is the number of
fundamental charges that it bears

A

SEPARATION

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21
Q

Conversion of a substantial fraction of the
atoms formed in step 1 to a stream of ions
(usually singly charged positive ions);

A

ATOMS TO POSITIVE IONS

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22
Q

Counting the number of ions of each type or
measuring the ion current produced when the
ions formed from the sample strike a suitable
transducer

A

NUMBER OF IONS FORMED

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23
Q

the percentage of atoms with a specific
atomic mass found in a naturally occurring
sample of an element; can be determined
using mass spectrometry.

A

RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF AN ISOTOPE

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24
Q

a weighted average calculated by
multiplying the relative abundances of the
element’s isotopes by their atomic masses
and then summing the products.

A

AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS OF AN ELEMENT

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25
Q

an instrument that produces ions and separates them according to their mass- to-charge ratios, m/z.

A

MASS SPECTROMETER

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26
Q

is a method used to separate substances within a
mixture. It uses a gas to carry the mixture
through a tube that is coated on the inside with
a liquid. Different substances in the mixture
move through this tube at different speeds,
which helps separate them from each other.

A

GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

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27
Q

INSTRUMENTS OF GAS LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

A

Carrier Gas Supply
Sample Injection System
Columns
Detectors
Thermal conductivity detector
Flame Ionization detector
Modified Flame ionization detector (FID)
Electron capture detector
Nitrogen Phosphorus Detector (NPD)

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28
Q

is the immobile part of the chromatographic system,
typically a coated layer inside a column, where the separation of compounds occurs based on their interaction with this phase.

A

Stationary phase

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29
Q

the stationary phase is a solid material coated onto the inside of the column.

A

Solid Stationary Phase

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30
Q

the stationary phase is a liquid that is coated onto a solid support inside the column.

A

Liquid Stationary Phase

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31
Q

carries the sample vapor through the column. The choice of carrier gas depends on factors such as the type of analysis being performed, the type of detector used, and the characteristics of the compounds being separated.

A

Mobile Phase

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32
Q

uses a single
material as both the support and stationary phase, like
silica or alumina, to retain chemicals based on their
sticking to the surface, with factors like surface area,
pore size, and functional groups influencing retention.

A

Gas-solid chromatography (GSC)

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33
Q

a form of
radiant energy that is propagated as a transverse
wave.

A

Electromagnetic Radiation

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34
Q

General Properties of EMR

A

Wave
Particle

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35
Q

The length of the electric vector at a maximum in the wave

A

Amplitude (A)

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36
Q

The time in seconds required for the passage successive maxima or minima through a fixed point in space

A

Period (p)

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37
Q

The number of oscillations of the field that occur per second and is equal to 1/p

A

Frequency (v)

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38
Q

The linear distance between any two equivalent points on successive waves

A

Wavelength (lambda) (λ)

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39
Q

The relationship between the wavelength and frequency

A

Velocity (V)

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40
Q

Velocity is determined as to be ____________________ m/s

A

2.99792x10^8 m/s

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41
Q

Equation for velocity

A

c=vλ
Velocity= Frequency x Wavelength\

42
Q

The reciprocal of the wavelength in cm and is another way of describing electromagnetic radiation

A

Wavenumber (ṽ)

43
Q

Formula for wavenumber

A

ṽ = 1/λ

44
Q

FOrmula for energy of Photon

A

E= hv
Energy of Photon in J= Frequency of the EMR x Planck’s Constant

45
Q

Equivalent for Planck’s Constant

A

6.626x 10^-34 J-sec

46
Q

The ____________ the wavelength or the ______________ the frequency, the greater the energy.

A

shorter, greater

47
Q

a. Light is absorbed by an atom, ion, or molecule,
taking it to a higher energy state
b. modes: rotational, vibrational, and electronic

A

Absorption

48
Q

a. Release of a photon by an atom, ion or
molecule taking it to lower energy

A

Emission

49
Q

a. Excitation of the analyte by a chemical reaction
b. may be fluorescense or phosphorescence

A

Chemiluminescence

50
Q

a. Emission of photons is measured after
absorption

A

Photoluminescence

51
Q

is commonly applied to
chemical analysis measurements to determine
the concentration of chemical species that
absorb light

A

Beer-Lambert Law

52
Q

: Used for communication (e.g., radio and TV
broadcasts).

A

Radio Waves

53
Q

Used in microwave ovens and communication
technologies.

A

Microwave

54
Q

Associated with heat and used in thermal
imaging

A

Infrared Radiation

55
Q

The range of wavelengths our eyes can perceive

A

Visible Light

56
Q

Responsible for sunburn and used in sterilization.

A

Ultraviolet

57
Q

Used in medical imaging and security screening.

A

X rays

58
Q

High-energy radiation from nuclear processes.

A

Gamma Rays

59
Q

is produced when charged particles (such as electrons) change their velocity
(accelerate or decelerate)

A

Electromagnetic Radiation

60
Q

When an excited electron falls to a _______ energy level, it emits energy as _______________________________

A

lower, electromagnetic radiation

61
Q

Show the distinct wavelengths that an object can emit. These occur when electrons in atoms transition to lower energy levels.

A

Emission Spectra

62
Q

Indicate the wavelengths at which an object absorbs energy. Electrons absorb photons to move to higher energy levels.

A

Absorption Spectra

63
Q

A study of how energy and radiated matter interact.

A

Spectrometry

64
Q

Components of Optical Instrument

A
  1. Stable source of energy
  2. Wavelength Selector
  3. One or more sample containers
  4. Radiation detector
  5. Signal processing and readout unit
65
Q

emit radiation that changes in intensity only slowly as a function of wavelength

A

Continuous Source

66
Q

emit a limited number of bands of radiation, each of which spans a very limited range of wavelength

A

Line Source

67
Q

Allows for the isolation of wavelengths of light from a broad spectrum emitted by a source.

A

MONOCHROMATORS

68
Q

selectively transmit or reflect specific wavelengths of light, effective bandwidths of 5 to 20 nm

A

Interference Filter

69
Q

selectively absorb certain wavelengths of light while transmitting others, effective bandwidths of 50 to 250 nm

A

Absorption Filter

70
Q

Vessels used to hold samples in various analytical and scientific experiments.

A

Sample Container

71
Q

is a machine designed to precisely measure the intensity of visible and ultraviolet light.

A

Photometer

72
Q

is an analytical instrument that irradiates a sample with infrared light and detects the trasmitted and reflected infrared light.

A

Infrared Spectrophotometer

73
Q

is an analytical technique used to separate, identify, or
quantify each component in a mixture.

A

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

74
Q

The mixture is separated using the basic principle of column ______________________ and then identified and quantified by ______________________

A

chromatography, spectroscopy.

75
Q

generates a flow of eluent from the solvent reservoir into the system

A

PUMP

76
Q

an injector is place next to the ___________

A

PUMP

77
Q

Simplest method of Injector

A

Syringe

78
Q

Widely used injection method is based on ________________________________

A

Sampling Loops

79
Q

The separation is performed inside the ______________

A

Column

80
Q

Recent columns are often prepared in a ________________ housing instead of glass columns

A

Stainless steel housing

81
Q

The packing material generally used is _______ or ____________ compared to calcium carbonate

A

Silica or Polymer Gel

82
Q

________________ is used to observe the obtained separation

A

Detector

83
Q

uses special polymer membrane tubing to remove gases

A

Degasser

84
Q

A type of liquid chromatography
where the separation of
components in a mixture is
based on their differential
partitioning between two
immiscible liquid phases: a
stationary liquid phase and a
mobile liquid phase.

A

Partition Chromatography

85
Q

Partition Chromatography was Pioneered by _____________ and _____________ during the 1940s.

A

Archer Martin, Richard Synge

86
Q

Used for separating non-polar
and slightly polar compounds

A

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

87
Q

a separation technique used in
chemistry to separate ions based
on their charge

A

ION-EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY

88
Q

The bound analytes are released
from the column surface using a salt
gradient.

A

Elution

89
Q

passing a buffer
with a high ionic strength through the
column

A

Column Regeneration

90
Q

is a widely used
analytical technique in biochemistry, molecular
biology, and polymer chemistry. It separates
molecules in a sample based on their size,
allowing for the analysis of molecular weight
distribution and determination of the
hydrodynamic volume of molecules.

A

SIZE EXCLUSION

CHROMATOGRAPHY

91
Q

separates molecules based on their size
using a porous stationary phase and a
mobile phase.

A

Size exclusion chromatography

92
Q

Usually made of glass or
stainless steel, filled with a stationary
phase of porous beads.

A

Column:

93
Q

Typically an aqueous
buffer solution, chosen based on the
properties of the sample.

A

Mobile Phase:

94
Q

Where the sample
is introduced into the column.

A

Sample Injection Port:

95
Q

Often a UV-Vis
spectrophotometer or a refractive index
detector, to monitor eluting compounds.

A

Detector:

96
Q

To record the
chromatogram.

A

Data Recording System:

97
Q

As the mobile phase continues to flow through the column, molecules elute
based on their size. Larger molecules elute first, while smaller molecules are retained
longer.

A

Elution:

98
Q

The eluting molecules are detected by the detector, and a chromatogram
is generated.

A

Detection:

99
Q

The sample is injected into the column. It passes through the
stationary phase and begins to separate based on size.

A

Sample Injection:

100
Q

The column is equilibrated with the mobile phase to ensure
consistent elution conditions.

A

Column Equilibration:

MLS-1D FINALS (5 decks)

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