ana surge 4 Flashcards
Primary curvatures of the vertebral column
Thoracic and Sacral
Atypical cervical vertebrae
C1, C2, C7
Which cervical vertebrae has an odontoid process?
C2
Divided into 3 parts by scalenous anterior muscle
Subclavian artery
Vertebral level of hyoid bone
C3 - also bifurcation of common carotid artery
Vertebral level: thyroid cartilage
C5
Vertebral level: cricoid cartilage
C6 - also start of trachea and esophagus
Vertebral level: sternal angle of louie
T4 - also bifurcation of trachea
Vertebral level: hiatus of IVC
T8
Vertebral level: iliac crest
L4
Vertebral level: end of sigmoid colon
S3
Action: nodding and sideways tilting
Atlanto-Occipital joint
Action: turning head side to side, “no” gesture
Atlanto-Axial joint (C1 and C2)
Spinal cord is held in position by:
Denticulate ligaments on each side, Filum terminale inferiorly
Termination of spinal cord
Lower border of L1, upper border of L2
Sensory tract in the white matter of the spinal cord
Posterior horn - bodies of neurons are in the dorsal root ganglion
Motor tract in the white matter of the spinal cord
Anterior horn
Disease due to degeneration of anterior horn cells
Poliomyelitis
Anterior spinothalamic tract vs Lateral spinothalamic tract
Anterior - touch and pressure. Lateral - pain and temperature.
Ascending tract for position sense, 2 pt discrimination, fine discriminative sense, vibratory sense, stereognosis
Dorsal/Posterior Column - if already in brainstem, call it the medial lemniscus
Dermatome: tip of shoulder
C5
Dermatome: thumb
C6
Dermatome: middle finger
C7
Dermatome: small finger
C8
Dermatome: nipple
T4
Dermatome: umbilicus
T10
Dermatome: big toe
L4-L5
(+) swaying with eyes open
Cerebellar ataxia, (-) Romberg’s sign
(+) swaying with eyes closed. Normal stance when eyes are open.
Sensory ataxia, (+) Romberg’s sign
Definition of UMN
Descending pathways in the spinal cord
Definition of LMNs
Motor cells in the anterior gray horn of the SC and motor nuclei of cranial nerves - final common pathway for control of skeletal muscle activity
Where does the corticospinal tract decussate?
Lower medulla
Cavitation around the central canal of the spinal cord
Syringomyelia - loss of pain and temp sensations in hands and forearms, cape like distribution
Disease of anterior horn cells leading to LMN lesions
Poliomyelitis
Secondary degeneration of dorsal columns due to neurosyphilis
Tabes dorsalis - loss of vibration and position senses
Degeneration of anterior horn cells (LMN) and corticospinal tract (UMN)
ALS - pure motor disease
Degeneration of posterior and lateral columns due to Vit B12 deficiency
Subacute combined degeneration - loss of position sense and vibration in legs
Spinal cord hemisection: Brown Sequard’s Syndrome
Contralateral loss of pain and temp, ipsilateral loss of propioception
Temporary loss of all cord functions below the level of the lesion in the SC
Spinal shock - <24 hours up to 1 to 4 weeks
Most severe type of spina bifida
Spina bifida with myeloschisis - area is open
Small dimple at the back with a tuft of hair. No clinical manifestations
Spina bifida occulta
Site of lumbar hernia
Lumbar Triangle of Petit - ext oblique abdom, lat dorsi, iliac crest
Forms a false capsule of the thyroid gland
Pretracheal layer of the cervical fascia
Contents of the carotid sheath
Common and internal carotid arteries , internal jugular vein, vagus nerve
This rib articulates with the sternum
2nd rib
Verterbral level: angle of louie
Between T4 and T5
Total number of ribs: 12 pairs
True ribs - 1 to 7. False ribs - 8 to 12. Floating ribs - 11 and 12.
Weakest point of the rib where fractures are common
Anterior to angle of the rib - 7 to 10 most commonly fractured
Compression of the lower trunk of the brachial plexus and subclavian artery/vein
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Muscles that depress the ribs
Serratus posterior inferior, internal intercostal and transverse thoracis
Level the descending thoracic aorta becomes the abdominal aorta
T12
Distention of the veins of the neck on inspiration
Kussmaul’s sign - cardiac tamponade
Common site of an occlusion in MI
Anterior interventricular artery from L coronary artery - supplies RV, interventriular septum and apex
Modified trabeculae carnae that crosses the interventricular septum
Moderator band - seen only at RV
Most posterior of the heart chambers
L atrium
Most common cause of cyanotic heart disease
Transposition of Great Arteries
Most common congenital anomaly associated with maternal rubella infection
PDA - aortic blood is shunted into the pulmonary artery
Tongue like extension beneath the cardiac notch
Lingula in the L lung - embryologic counterpart of R middle lobe
