ANA 301 Neck

Question 1

Describe the neck

Answer 1

●The neck is a tube providing continuity from the head to the trunk.
●It extends anteriorly from the lower border of the mandible to the upper surface of the manubrium of sternum.
●Posteriorly from the superior nuchal line on the occipital bone of the skull to the intervertebral disc between the CVII and TI vertebrae.

Question 2

Describe visceral compartment of the neck

Answer 2

the visceral compartment is anterior and contains parts of the digestive and respiratory systems, and several endocrine glands;

Question 3

Describe vertebral compartment of the neck

Answer 3

the vertebral compartment is posterior and contains the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, cervical nerves, and muscles associated with the vertebral column;

Question 4

Describe vascular compartments of the neck

Answer 4

●the two vascular compartments are lateral and contain the major blood vessels and the vagus nerve [X].

Question 5

Outline of anterior triangle

Answer 5

The anterior triangle of the neck is outlined by the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle laterally, the inferior border of the mandible superiorly, and the midline of the neck medially.

Question 6

Submandibular triangle of the anterior triangle

Answer 6

the submandibular triangle is outlined by the inferior border of the mandible superiorly and the anterior and posterior bellies of the digastric muscle inferiorly;

Question 7

submental triangle of the anterior triangle

Answer 7

the submental triangle; outlined by the hyoid bone inferiorly, the anterior belly of the digastric muscle laterally, and the midline;

Question 8

muscular triangle of the anterior triangle

Answer 8

•the muscular triangle is outlined by the hyoid bone superiorly, the superior belly of the omohyoid muscle, and the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle laterally, and the midline;

Question 9

carotid triangle of the anterior triangle

Answer 9

the carotid triangle is outlined by the superior belly of the omohyoid muscle anteroinferiorly, the stylohyoid muscle and posterior belly of the digastric superiorly, and the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle posteriorly.

Question 10

The four suprahyoid muscles are in the

Answer 10

submental and submandibular triangles.

Question 11

Passage and general function of suprahyoid muscles

Answer 11

They pass in a superior direction from the hyoid bone to the skull or mandible and raise the hyoid, as occurs during swallowing.

Question 12

Stylohyoid: innervation and function

Answer 12

Stylohyoid; innervated by the facial nerve [VII], it pulls the hyoid bone posterosuperiorly during swallowing.

Question 13

Digastric: description and innervation

Answer 13

Digastric; has 2 bellies (anterior and posterior) connected by a tendon which attaches to the body of the hyoid bone. Innervation of the digastric muscle is from two different cranial nerves.

Anterior belly is by trigeminal nerve (CN V)
•Posterior belly is by facial nerve (CN VII)

Question 14

Mylohyoid: innervation and function

Answer 14

Mylohyoid; It is innervated by the trigeminal nerve [CN V]. It supports and elevates the floor of the mouth and elevates the hyoid bone.

Question 15

Geniohyoid: innervation and function

Answer 15

Geniohyoid; is innervated by a branch from the anterior ramus of C1 carried along the hypoglossal nerve [XII].
•It has two functions depending on which bone is fixed:
●fixation of the mandible elevates and pulls the hyoid bone forward;
●fixation of the hyoid bone pulls the mandible downward and inward.

Question 16

Infrahyoid muscles are also known as

Answer 16

Strap muscles

Question 17

The four infrahyoid muscles are where?

Answer 17

muscular triangle.

Question 18

General function of the infrahyoid muscles

Answer 18

They attach the hyoid bone to inferior structures and depress the hyoid bone.
●They also provide a stable point of attachment for the suprahyoid muscles.

Question 19

Sternohyoid: innervation and function

Answer 19

Sternohyoid; is innervated by the anterior rami of C1 to C3 through the ansa cervicalis.
●It depresses the hyoid bone

Question 20

Omohyoid: innervation and function

Answer 20

Omohyoid; Lateral to the sternohyoid muscle, This muscle consists of two bellies with an intermediate tendon in both the posterior and anterior triangles of the neck.
●It is innervated by the anterior rami of C1 to C3 through the ansa cervicalis.
●The omohyoid depresses and fixes the hyoid bone

Question 21

Thyrohyoid: innervation and function

Answer 21

Thyrohyoid; is located deep to the superior parts of the omohyoid muscle. It is innervated by fibers from the anterior ramus of C1 that travel with the hypoglossal nerve [XII].

Question 22

Sternothyroid: innervation and function

Answer 22

•Sternothyroid; the last of the infrahyoid group of muscles. is innervated by the anterior rami of C1 to C3 through the ansa cervicalis.
●The sternohyoid muscle draws the larynx (thyroid cartilage) downward

Question 23

Vessels in the anterior triangle

Answer 23

●Passing through the anterior triangle of the neck are the common carotid arteries and their branches, the external and internal carotid arteries.

●These vessels supply all structures of the head and neck.

Question 24

What are at beginning of the carotid system?

Answer 24

The common carotid arteries are the beginning of the carotid system

Question 25

•the right common carotid artery originates from

Answer 25

the brachiocephalic trunk;

Question 26

the left common carotid artery begins in

Answer 26

the thorax as a direct branch of the arch of the aorta.

Question 27

Course of the CCA’s

Answer 27

They both ascend through the neck, lateral to the tracheal and oesophagus not giving any branch in the neck.

•Near the superior edge of the thyroid cartilage each common carotid artery divides into its two terminal branches-the external and internal carotid arteries

Question 28

Carotid sinus

Answer 28

At the bifurcation, the common carotid artery and the beginning of the internal carotid artery are dilated.
•This dilation is the carotid sinus and contains receptors that monitor changes in blood pressure and are innervated by a branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve [IX].

Question 29

Carotid sinus

Answer 29

Another accumulation of receptors in the area of the bifurcation is responsible for detecting changes in blood chemistry, primarily oxygen content.
•This is the carotid body and is innervated by branches from both the glossopharyngeal [IX] and vagus [X] nerves.

Question 30

Describe the course of the internal carotid artery

Answer 30

After its origin, the internal carotid artery ascends toward the base of the skull.
•It gives off no branches in the neck and enters the cranial cavity through the carotid canal in the petrous part of the temporal bone.

Question 31

The internal carotid arteries supply

Answer 31

the cerebral hemispheres, the eyes and the contents of the orbits, and the forehead

Question 32

branches of the external carotid artery

Answer 32

superior thyroid
ascending pharyngeal
lingual
facial
occipital
posterior auricular
superficial temporal
maxillary arteries.

Question 33

Superior thyroid artery supplies

Answer 33

Thyrohyoid muscle, internal structures of the larynx, sternocleidomastoid and cricothyroid muscles, thyroid gland

Question 34

Ascending pharyngeal artery supplies

Answer 34

Pharyngeal constrictors and stylopharyngeus muscle, palate, tonsil, pharyngotympanic tube, meninges in posterior cranial fossa

Question 35

Lingual artery supplies

Answer 35

Muscles of the tongue, palatine tonsil, soft palate, epiglottis, floor of mouth, sublingual gland

Question 36

Facial artery supplies

Answer 36

All structures in the face from the inferior border of the mandible anterior to the masseter muscle to the medial corner of the eye, the soft palate, palatine tonsil, pharyngotympanic tube, submandibular gland

Question 37

Occipital artery supplies

Answer 37

Sternocleidomastoid muscle, meninges in posterior cranial fossa, mastoid cells, deep muscles of the back, posterior scalp

Question 38

Posterior auricular artery supplies

Answer 38

Parotid gland and nearby muscles, external ear and scalp posterior to ear, middle and inner ear structures

Question 39

Superficial temporal artery supplies

Answer 39

Parotid gland and duct, masseter muscle, lateral face, anterior part of external ear, temporalis muscle, parietal and temporal fossae

Question 40

Maxillary artery supplies

Answer 40

External acoustic meatus, lateral and medial surface of tympanic membrane, temporomandibular joint, dura mater on lateral wall of skull and inner table of cranial bones, trigeminal ganglion and dura in vicinity, mylohyoid muscle, mandibular teeth, skin on chin, temporalis muscle, outer table of bones of skull in temporal fossa, structures in infratemporal fossa, maxillary sinus, upper teeth and gingivae, infra-orbital skin, palate, roof of pharynx, nasal cavity

Question 41

Describe the venous system drainage of the neck

Answer 41

Collecting blood from the skull, brain, superficial face, and parts of the neck, the internal jugular vein begins as a dilated continuation of the sigmoid sinus, which is a dural venous sinus.

The paired internal jugular veins join with the subclavian veins posterior to the sternal end of the clavicle to form the right and left brachiocephalic veins.

Tributaries to each internal jugular vein include the inferior petrosal sinus, and the facial, lingual, pharyngeal, occipital, superior thyroid, and middle thyroid veins.

Question 42

The cranial nerves of the neck

Answer 42

The cranial nerves in these categories include: the facial [VII], glossopharyngeal [IX], vagus [X], accessory [XI], and hypoglossal [XII].

Question 43

The peripheral nerves of the neck

Answer 43

The peripheral nerves in these categories include the transverse cervical nerve from the cervical plexus and the upper and lower roots of the ansa cervicalis.

Question 44

Facial nerve [VII]

Answer 44

the posterior belly of the digastric;
stylohyoid.

Question 45

Glossopharyngeal nerve [IX]

Answer 45

stylopharyngeus muscle, sends a branch to the carotid sinus, and supplies sensory branches to the pharynx.

Question 46

Vagus nerve [X]

Answer 46

Gives a motor branch to the pharynx, a branch to the carotid body, the superior laryngeal nerve (which divides into external and internal laryngeal branches), and possibly a cardiac branch.

Question 47

Accessory nerve [XI]

Answer 47

No branches in the anterior triangle but innervates the trapezius

Question 48

Hypoglossal nerve [XII]

Answer 48

No branches in the anterior triangle but innervates the tongue

Question 49

Transverse cervical nerve

Answer 49

provides cutaneous innervation to this area

Question 50

Ansa cervicalis

Answer 50

innervates the inferior belly of the omohyoid, and the lower parts of the sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles.