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Amir Sam DPD Lectures > Amir sam 5 > Flashcards

Amir sam 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the common neurological causes of disease. (7)

A 
Vascular. 
Infection. 
Inflammation/Autoimmune. 
Toxic/Metabolic. 
Tumour/Malignancy. 
Hereditary/Congenital.
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2
Q

What are the steps in conducting an upper and lower limb exam. (8)

A 
Inspection. 
Tone. 
Power. 
Reflexes. 
Coordination. 
Sensation.
Gait. 
Back.
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3
Q

What are some signs of UMN lesion. (4)

A

Increased muscle tone (spasticity).
Decreased power.
Increased reflexes.
(increased plantar reflex).

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4
Q

What are some sings of LMN lesion. (3)

A

Decreased tone (flaccid).
Decreased power.
Decreased reflexes.

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5
Q

What are some cerebellar signs of disease. (5)

A 
Ataxia. 
Nystagmus. 
Dysdiadochokinesia. 
Intention tremor. 
Speech (slurred, scanning).
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6
Q

What sort of sensory loss occurs with cerebral cortex lesions.

A

Hemisensory loss.

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7
Q

What sort of sensory loss occurs with spinal cord lesions.

A

Level (eg umbilicus).

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8
Q

What sort of sensory loss occurs with nerve root lesions (radiculopathy).

A

Dermatomal.

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9
Q

What sort of sensory loss occurs with mononeuropathy.

A

Specific areas.

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10
Q

What sort of sensory loss occurs with polyneuropathy.

A

Glove and stocking distribution.

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11
Q

What are some toxic/metabolic causes of peripheral neuropathy. (7)

A 
Drugs. 
Alcohol. 
B12 deficiency. 
Diabetes. 
Hypothyroidism. 
Uraemia. 
Amyloidosis.
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12
Q

What are some rarer causes of peripheral neuropathy. (7)

A 
HIV. 
Vasculitis. 
CTD. 
Inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy. 
Paraneoplastic syndrome. 
Paraproteinaemia. 
Hereditary sensory motor neuropathy.
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13
Q

What are the clinical signs of optic neuritis. (3)

A

Blurred optic disc margins.
Blurred vision.
Pain on eye movement.

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of multiple sclerosis. (2)

A

Two lesions, separated in time and space.

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15
Q

What is meralgia paraesthetica.

A

Compression of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve.

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16
Q

What is the treatment of meralgia paraesthetica. (4)

A

Reassure.
Avoid tight garments.
Lose weight.
If persistent: carbamezepine, gabapentin.

17
Q

What three nerves provide the sensory innervation of the hand. (3)

A

Median.
Ulnar.
Radial.

18
Q

What is radiculopathy.

A

A disease of the nerve roots.

19
Q

What is lumosacrap radiculopathy. (2)

A

Pain in the buttock.

Radiates down the leg below the knee (sciatica).

20
Q

What is lumosacral radiculopathy caused by. (2)

A

Compression of the nerve root by:
Disc herniation.
Spinal canal stenosis.

21
Q

What are the features of parkinson’s disease. (3)

A

Tremor.
Rigidity.
Bradykinesia.

22
Q

What are the features of Steele-Richardson syndrome. (2)

A

Parkinsonian features.

Upgaze abnormality.

23
Q

What are the features of lewy body dementia. (3)

A

Features of Alzheimer’s disease.
Features of Parkinson’s disease.
Hallucinations.

24
Q

What are some causes of confusion. (4)

A

Post-ictal.
Dysphasia (receptive or expressive).
Dementia (vascular, alcoholic, AD, HD).
Depressive pesudodementia.

25
Q

What are some causes of confusion/reduced consciousness. (6)

A 
Hypoglycaemia. 
Vascular (bleed, subdural haematoma). 
Infection. 
Inflammation. 
Malignancy. 
Metabolic.toxic (drugs, vitamin deficiencies, endocripathies).
26
Q

What three aspects does the GCS assess. (3)

A

Eyes.
Verbal response.
Motor response.

27
Q

What are the causes of headache (emergency department). (4)

A

Meningitis.
Subarachnoid haemorrhage.
Giant cell arteritis.
Migraine.

28
Q

What are the features of meningitis. (3)

A

Fever.
Neck stiffness.
Kernig’s sign.

29
Q

What are the features of subarachnoid haemorrhages.

A

Sudden onset headache.

History of fall.

30
Q

What are the typical features of migraine. (5)

A 
Throbbing. 
Vomiting. 
Photophobia.
FH. 
Aura.
31
Q

How do you manage a stroke within 4.5 hours. (2)

A

If CT shows no haemorrhage.

Thrombolysis (if there are no contraindications).

32
Q

How do you manage a stroke after 4.5 hours. (5)

A 
CT head to exclude haemorrhage. 
Aspirin (300mg).
Swallow assessment. 
Maintain hydration and oxygenation.
Monitor GCS.
33
Q

How do you manage a TIA. (5)

A 
Aspirin. 
Don't treat BP acutely (unless >220/120 or other indication). 
ECG, Echo. 
Carotid doppler. 
Risk factor modification.
34
Q

What are the causes of collapse. (6)

A 
Low glucose.
Vasovagal.
Arrhythmia.
Outflow obstruction. 
Postural hypotension.
Seizures.

Amir Sam DPD Lectures (6 decks)

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