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Amir Sam DPD Lectures > Amir sam 2 > Flashcards

Amir sam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the atypical causes of pneumonia. (3)

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
Chlamydia pneumoniae.
Legionella pneumophila.

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2
Q

How is the diagnosis of coeliac confirmed.

A

Duodenal biopsy.

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3
Q

What is seen on a duodenal biopsy of a patient with coeliac disease.

A

Villous atrophy.

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4
Q

What are the causes of bloody diarrhoea. (5)

A 
Infection (Infective colitis). 
Inflammation (UC, Crohn's). 
Ischaemia (Ischaemic colitis). 
Malignancy.
Diverticulitis.
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5
Q

Name the clinical sign:

Dilated veins around the umbilicus.

A

Caput medusae.

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6
Q

What are some complications of portal hypertension. (4)

A

Encephalopathy.
Ascites.
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
Variceal bleed.

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7
Q

What do you normally see on a blood test of a patient with DIC. (6)

A 
Low platelets. 
Low Fibrinogen. 
High PT. 
Hight APTT. 
High D dimer. 
High fibrin degradation products.
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8
Q

What do you normally see on a blood test of a patient with haemolytic ureamic syndrome. (4)

A

Low platelets.
Uraemia.
Low Hb.
High bilirubin.

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9
Q 
What does the blood result suggest:
Low platelets. 
Low Fibrinogen. 
High PT. 
Hight APTT. 
High D dimer. 
High fibrin degradation products.
A

DIC.

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10
Q 
What does this blood result suggest:
Low platelets. 
Uraemia. 
Low Hb. 
High bilirubin.
A

Haemolytic ureamic syndrome.

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11
Q

What are the typical manifestations of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. (3)

A

Haemolytic ureamic syndrome.
Fever.
Neurological manifestations.

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12
Q

What are the hereditary causes of haemolytic anaemia. (3)

A 
Hereditary spherocytosis (defective RBC membrane). 
G6PD deficiency (enzyme deficiency). 
Haemoglobinopathies (sickle cell disease, thalasseamias).
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13
Q

What are the acquired causes of haemolytic anaemia. (4)

A

Autoimmune.
Drugs.
Infection.
MAHA.

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14
Q

What are the three clinical subcategores of hyponatraemia. (3)

A

Hypovolaemic causes.
Euvolvaemic causes.
Hypervolvaemic causes.

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15
Q

What are the hypovolaemic causes of hyponatraemia. (3)

A

Diarrhoea.
Vomiting.
Diuretics.

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16
Q

What are the euvolaemic causes of hyponatraemia. (3)

A

Hypothyroidism.
Adrenal insufficiency.
SIADH.

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17
Q

What are the hypervolaemic causes of hyponatramia. (3)

A

Cardiac failure.
Cirrhosis.
Nephrotic syndrome.

18
Q

What are the clinical tests for hyponatraemia caused by hypovolvaemia. (2)

A

Clinically hypovolaemic.

Low urine sodium.

19
Q

What are the clinical tests for hyponatraemia due to euvolaemia. (3)

A

TFTs.
Short syncathen test.
Plasma and urine osmolality measure.

20
Q

What are the clinical tests for hyponatraemia due to hypervolaemia. (2)

A

Fluid overload.

Low urine sodium.

21
Q

What are most causes of hyponatraemia due to.

A

Due to increased ADH.

22
Q

What are some rare causes of hyponatraemia. (2)

A

Excess water intake.

Sodium free irrigation solutions (eg used in TURP).

23
Q

What are the causes of SIADH. (4)

A

CNS pathology.
Lung pathology.
Drugs (SSIR, TCA, opiates, PPIs, carbamazepine).
Tumours.

24
Q

What are the causes of onycholysis. (4)

A

Trauma.
Thyrotoxicosis.
Fungal infection.
Psoriasis.

25
Q

What are the microvascular complications of diabetes. (3)

A

Retinopathy.
Nephropathy.
Neuropathy.

26
Q

What are the macrovascular complications of diabetes. (3)

A

MI.
Stroke.
PVD.

27
Q

What are the metabolic complications of (3)

A

DKA.
HHS.
Hypoglycaemia.

28
Q

What is the most appropriate investigation to look for:

Pelvic-ureteric junction obstruction.

A

CT-KUB.

29
Q

What are the sources of alkaline phosphatase. (2)

A

Liver.

Bone.

30
Q

What conditions cause an increase in alkaline phosphatase. (2)

A 
Obstructive liver disease. 
Bone disease (malignancy, fracture, Paget's disease).
31
Q

What bone cells make alkaline phosphatase.

A

Osteoblasts.

32
Q

What cells suppress osteoblasts.

A

Plasma cells.

33
Q

What happens to alkaline phosphatase in myeloma.

A

ALP is normal.

34
Q

What are the four aspects of multiple myeloma. (4)

A

Calcium.
Renal impairment.
Anaemia.
Bone.

35
Q

What are the causes of a cavitating lung lesion. (4)

A

Infection.
Inflammation.
Infarction.
Malignancy.

36
Q

What are the infective organisms that can cause a cavitating lung lesion. (3)

A

TB.
Staph.
Klebsiella (eg in alcoholics).

37
Q

What is nephrotic syndrome.

A

Increased permeability of the glomelular basement membrane to protein.

38
Q

What is raised in nephrotic syndrome.

A

Protein > 3g/day.

39
Q

What is low in nephrotic syndrome.

A

Albumin.

40
Q

What problem does nephrotic syndrome cause.

A

Oedema.

41
Q

What is hereditary haemorrhagic telangiecstasia. (6)

A 
Autosomal dominant condition. 
Causes abnormal blood vessels in: 
Skin. 
Mucous membranes.
Lungs. 
Liver. 
Brain.

Amir Sam DPD Lectures (6 decks)

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