Amino Acids Flashcards
What are proteins polymers of?
Amino acids
Hemoglobin
Transports oxygen in red blood cells
Myoglobin
Stores oxygen in muscle
Collagen
Forms fibers in a supporting matrix for connective tissue
Amelogenin
Organizes the formation of mineral crystals in enamel
Keratin
Forms fibers that provide the strength for skin
Dextransucrase (an enzyme)
catalyzes the formation of the polymer, dextran, that is a component of dental plaque
What is the common structure of an amino acid?
amino group
side-chain
carboxylic acid group
What is the one exception to the common structure of the amino acid?
Proline; it has a carboxylic acid, imino group (HN) and and R
In glycine the R group is
H
Only L-amino acids are
Proteins
Is an imino group polar or non-polar?
non-polar
Are acids polar or nonpolar?
polar
Are bases polar or nonpolar?
nonpolar
What are your non polar amino acids?
Alanine Glycine Cysteine Leucine Valine Isoleucine Methionine Proline Phenylalanine Tryptophan
Which nonpolar amino acids are aliphatic?
Alanine
Valine
Leucine
Isoleucine
What sort of bonds can form between two cysteines?
Disulfide bonds
Which amino acids are acidic?
Aspartic acid
Glutamic acid
Which amino acids are basic?
Lysine
Arginine
Histidine
Which amino acid is the most basic?
Arginine
Which amino acid is the least basic?
Histidine
Which amino acids are polar and uncharged and both have aliphatic amides?
asparagine
glutamine
Which amino acids are polar uncharged and have aliphatic hydroxyls?
Serine
Threonine
Tyrosine
Which amino acids are polar and uncharged?
Asparagine Glutamine Serine Threonine Tyrosine
The more polar the side chain is, the higher the solubility in water is, why?
Charges on water molecules bind to charge on the amino acid side chain
Aliphatic - amino acids?
Ala, Val, Leu, Ile
Aromatic - amino acids?
Phe, Tyr, Trp
Sulfur-containing - amino acids
Met, Cys, (Cys-Cys)
Imino acid
Pro
How does one get scurvy?
Vitamin C deficiency
What is prolyl and lysyl hydroxyl hydroxylases cofactor?
Vitamin C
What is the most abundant protein in teeth?
Collagen
What is also a component of collagen?
Hydroxylysine
What symptoms accompany scurvy?
Spongy gums and hair problems
Vitamin-K dependent carboxylase requires which cofactor?
Vitamin-K
Glutamate with carboxylase turns into carboxy-glutamte turns into a
Blood clotting factor
Serine + NTP -> Phosphoserine + NDP
Cellular signaling via hormones can induce the phosphorylation of serine residues on target enzymes, leading to their activation. Similarly, phosphorylase catalyzes phosphate-induced gylcogen degradation
Phosphothreonine + phosphotyrosine =
signal functions
Hydroxylation of proline and lysine need what cofactor?
Vitamin C
Carboxylation of glutamic acid needs what?
Vitamin K
What are structure breaking amino acids?
Glycine - is without side chain, which causes high thermal motion in the neighborhood of glycine
Proline: is rigidly in a conformation inconsistent with some protein structures
2,3-bisphosphoglyverate (BPG) does what?
reduces affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
What charge is BPG?
Negatively charged
Multiple charged interaction between ________________ and two of four hemoglobin subunits reduce the affinity for oxygen
2,3-bisphosphoglycerate
What will happen if you increase the concentration of 2,3 - bisphosphoglycerate in the red blood cell?
You will promote O2 release or unloading to the target tissues typically at low O2 partial pressures
By how much will 2,3 bisphosphoglycerate increase at an elevationof 15,000 ft?
20%
What is the only amino acid found in proteins that does not exist as D-L- isomer?
Glycine
The disease scurvy is caused by a dietary deficiency of vitamin C. Why is loss of teeth a symptom of this disease?
Collagen holds teeth in place, that is why
