Amines

Question 1

Preparation of amines

Answer 1

When 1 or more of the hydrogennatomsnin ammonia is replaced with an organic group.

Question 2

Amine production from nucleophilic substitution

Answer 2

Reaction of haloalkanes and ammonia in a sealed tube. 1 mole of haloalkane reacts with 2 makes of ammonia producing a primary amine and an ammonium salt. Substitution can continue until all the hydrogen atoms have been replaced with organic groups. Following this, an additional substitution can occur producing a quaternary ammonium salt.

Question 3

Reduction of nitriles

Answer 3

Reducing nitrites via hydrogenation can produce Amines. Requires LiAlH⁴ (reducing agent) and acidic conditions or a combination of hydrogen and a nickel catalyst.

Question 4

Aromatic amine production

Answer 4

Produced from the reduction of nitrobenzene (benzene with NO² instead of a H) using conc HCl and a Tin catalyst.

Question 5

Amine properties

Answer 5

Weak bases because the lone electron pair on the N atom can accept protons. The base strength of an amine depends on how available the electron pair is.

Question 6

What is the inductive effect

Answer 6

Where functional groups affect how available a lone electron pair is by changing electron density around the bond.

Question 7

What inductive effect does benzene have

Answer 7

Draws electrons away making it less available

Question 8

What inductive effect do alkyl groups have

Answer 8

Push electron density towards the nitrogen making it more available. More alkyl groups leads to more pushing.