Ambiguity

Question 1

Amphiboly

Answer 1

a phrase/sentence which can be interpreted in different ways

“Save soap and waste paper.”

Question 2

if-by-whiskey

Answer 2

presenting an ambiguous argument that can be interpreted as supportive of contradictory positions

“If by ‘negro’ you mean the gang-banger thugs who shoot up the neighbourhood, then yes I dislike them; but if by ‘negro’ you mean the long-oppressed peoples made in God’s image, then I wish them only well.”

Question 3

Reification

Answer 3

Concretism
The Fallacy of Misplaced Concreteness
Hypostatization

treating an abstraction (a belief, hypothetical, or concept etc) as a physical, concrete thing

P is an abstraction
P is treated as a concrete entity

“Mother Nature is crying from all the pollution we’re pumping into the environment, so we need to change our ways.”

Question 4

Equivocation

Answer 4

Ambiguous Middle Term

applying multiple meanings to the same word(s) within a single argument

A claims P
P involves ambiguous terms

“Chickens lay eggs
You’re a chicken since you won’t dive into
the pool
Therefore, you lay eggs”

Question 5

Equivocation // Fallacy of Accent

Answer 5

Accentus
Misleading Accent

relies on the ambiguity of accent/stress on the words in a sentence - stressing different words can imply different meanings to the sentence

“I am happy. I am happy. I am happy.”