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Geography Physical > Amazon Rainforest > Flashcards

Amazon Rainforest Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the average discharge of water into the Atlantic Ocean from the Amazon?

A

175,000 m3/s (15% of the fresh water entering oceans each day)

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2
Q

Which river is 100m deep and 14km wide near its mouth?

A

Rio Negro

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3
Q

Where is the mouth of the Rio Negro?

A

Manus, Brazil

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4
Q

What is the average rainfall across the whole Amazon rainforest?

A

2,300mm

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5
Q

What is the average rainfall in the in the north western portion of the Amazon basin?

A

6000mm

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6
Q

Why does only half of this rainfall never reach the ground?

A

intercepted by forest canopy and re-evaporated into the atmosphere.

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7
Q

Where does additional water come from?

A

Evaporation from ground and rivers and transpiration from leaves.

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8
Q

How much of the rainfall evapotranspired falls back as rain?

A

48%

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9
Q

30% of rainfall reaches the sea. What happens to the other 70%?

A

Caught up in a constant loop system.

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10
Q

What was the rate of deforestation of the Brazilian rainforest between 2000 - 2007?

A

19368 km 2 per year (an area if forest larger than Greece.)

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11
Q

What percentage of Brazil’s greenhouse gas emissions are attributed to deforestation and land use?

A

75% (59% from loss of forest and burning in the Amazon)

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12
Q

What do slash and burn techniques do?

A

reduces retention of humidity in top soil to 1 meter.
sudden evaporation previously retained in canopy.
increases albedo ( reflectiveness) and temp.
reduces porosity of soil - a faster rainfall drainage, erosion and silting.

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13
Q

What happens to the carbon store if forests are lost?

A

All released into the atmosphere.

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14
Q

How much more solar radiation does the tropical rainforest absorb compared to pasture land?

A

11%

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15
Q

Which has the higher temperature - rainforest or pasture land?

A

Rainforest 24.1 degrees C
Pasture 33 degrees C

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16
Q

Is the moisture content in the upper one meter of soil of pasture higher or lower than the rainforest?

A

15% less

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17
Q

What can deeper forest roots do?

A

Pump more moisture to the surface, producing 20 - 30 % more air humidity and 5 - 20% more precipitation than pastures

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18
Q

What is the mean temperature increase every ten years since the mid-70’s

A

0.26 degrees +/- 0.05 g degrees

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19
Q

What are the predicted temperature increase in the Amazon by 2050

A

2 - 3 degrees C

20
Q

There were falling amounts of rainfall between 1920’s and 1970’s. What has happened since

A

No significant change

21
Q

According to WWF how much Amazon rainforest has already been lost?

A

20%

22
Q

By 2030 what is the predicted % loss of rainforest if deforestation continues at the current rate?

A

27%

23
Q

The rate of loss is also impacted by climate change. What effect does climate change have on the forest?

A

Species intolerance to increased temperature, drought and seasonality. Sustainability by altering the conditions needed for growth. Drought and high temp kill millions of trees.

24
Q

A 2 degrees c temperature rise above pre-industrial levels will have what impact in the Amazon?

A

20 - 40 % of Amazon will die off in 100 years.
A 3 degree c rise will destroy 75% of the forest over the following century. (4 degree rise - 85%)

25
Q

How much Carbon is contained in the upper 50cm of the Amazonian soil layer?

A

4 - 9 kg

26
Q

How much Carbon is contained in the upper 50cm of the pasture soil layer?

A

1kg /m2

27
Q

What happens to the soils when forests are cleared and burned?

A

30 - 60% of carbon lost to atmosphere
Unburned Vegetation decays and lost in 10 years.
Fungi and bacteria that recycled dead vegetation dies off

28
Q

What happens to the soils after forest clearance first occurs?

A

Heavy rainfall washes away top soil, attacks deep weathered layers below.
Soil washed into rivers before forest clearance has caused a reduction in the rainfall.

29
Q

What do the changes in total precipitation, extreme rainfall and seasonality lead to?

A
  • Reduction in river discharge
  • Increase in silt which will disrupt river transport routes
  • Flash flooding
  • Destroy fresh water ecosystems which could remove a source of income and protein to inhabitants.
30
Q

What will be the result of warming water temperatures?

A
  • kill off temp dependent species
  • change the biodiversity of rivers
  • reduce water-dissolved oxygen concentrations which could destroy eggs and larva
31
Q

Who are ACTO?

A

Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organisation to promote harmonious development

32
Q

What is TARAPOTO?

A

A process to help achieve harmonious forest development.

33
Q

Mitigation to reduce effects of environmental change in Amazonian.

Name 2 (and size) of national parks and forest reserves?

A

Tumucumaque National Park (3.84 million hectares
Para Rainforest reserve (15 million hectares)

34
Q

Mitigation to reduce effects of environmental change in Amazonian.

What can be produced to reduce the need for sugar cane production?

A

Forest biofuel could compete with ethanol from sugar can by 2030.

35
Q

Mitigation to reduce effects of environmental change in Amazonian.

How can reforestation support?

A

Much of Brazil’s industrial timber comes from planted forests which make up only 2% of the forest area.

36
Q

Mitigation to reduce effects of environmental change in Amazonian.

How will re introducing native species be a positive change?

A

Enrichment of already degraded forests by reintroducing the native species.

37
Q

How big is the Amazon Rainforest?

A

670 million hectares

Spread across 9 countries

The biggest Rainforest

38
Q

How many trees are in the Amazon Rainforest?

A

300 billion
15,000 species

39
Q

How much carbon do the trees in the Amazon store?

A

1/5 of all the carbon in the planets biomass

40
Q

How many people live in the Amazon?

A

34 million

41
Q

How much carbon did UFZ estimate the Amazon stored in 2019?

A

76 billion tones

42
Q

How big is the carbon sink at the Amazon?

A

1-3 GtC/year

43
Q

How much has the forest been increasing in above ground biomass each year?

A

0.3-0.5%

44
Q

What is rising productivity of TRFs due to?

A

Increasing CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere

45
Q

How much CO2 was the Amazon carbon sink absorbing in 2019?

A

600 million tones per year

46
Q

How much CO2 was the Amazon carbon sink absorbing in the 1990s?

A

2 billion tones per year

Geography Physical (8 decks)

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