Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

3F: Low Vision Final > Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Stroke, And Depression > Flashcards

Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Stroke, And Depression Flashcards

1
Q

Dementia

A

Evidence of substantial cognitive decline from a previous level of performance in one or more domains based on the concerns of the individual, a knowledgeable informant, or the clinician; and a decline in neuro cognitive performance, typically involving test performance in the range of two or more standard deviations below appropriate norms on formal testing

  • the deficits are significant enough to interfere with independence
  • a diagnosis of dementia should not be made during the course of a delirium
  • Alzheimer’s 50-60% of all dementia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cognitive domains

A
  • complex attention
  • executive function
  • learning and memory
  • language
  • perceptual motor function
  • social cognition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Complex attention

A

includes sustained attention, divided attention, selective attention and information processing speed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Executive function

A

Planning, decision making, working memory, responding to feedback, inhibition and mental flexibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Learning and memory

A

Free recall, cued recall, recognition memory, semantic and autobiographical long term memory and implicit learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Language

A

Object naming, word finding, fluency, grammar and syntax, and receptive language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Perceptual motor function

A

Visual perception, visuoconstructional reasoning and perceptual motor coordination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Social cognition

A

Recognition of emotions, theory of mind, and insight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Non alzheimers dementias

A 
Lewy body dementia 
Vascular
Picks disease (frontotemproal dementia)
Subcortical dementia 
Metabolic
Drug induced
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A
  • neurofibrillary tangles and plaques
  • tangles are intracellular and result of abnormal phosphorylation of protein tau
  • plaques are extracellular and composed of beta amyloid
  • ACH production is reduced
  • the only sure way to Dx by pathology is after death
  • genetically related begins at age 40, <5%
  • around 10% of adutls over 65 and over have dementia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Genetics of Alzheimer’s

A
  • Alzheimer’s 1-amyloid precursors protein <5%. Found on chromosome 21
  • Alzheimer’s 2- apolipoprotein E4
  • alzheimers 3-presenilin 1-effect most families with early onset type
  • Alzheimer’s 4-presenlinin2 - <2%
  • most cases are sporadic-nogenetic pattern
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Alzheimer’s (DSM-5)

A

Probable if APP ,PS1 or PS2 was identified, or if the individual has clear evidence of progressive decline without extended plateaus in memory and learning and in at least one of the other five cognitive domains that is confirmed by serial neuropsychological testing

  • cause impairment of social or occupational functioning
  • DSM-5 does not currently include biomarker testing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Alzheimer’s is characterized by

A

Gradual cognitive decline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Alzheimer’s is not characterized by

A

Substances

Other causes of dementia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Alzheimer’s does not occur during

A

Delirium

Also not accounted for by depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Clinical work up for Alzheimer’s

A 
MRI or CT
PET scan
SPECT scan
fMRI
Bilateral depression temporal bone 
Cerebral atrophy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Manifestations of Alzheimer’s

A
  • calculation ability
  • recall
  • aphasia, apraxia, agnosia
  • apathy, depression
  • delusions-tend to be auditory early on
  • behavior problems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Visual problems in Alzheimer’s

A
  • construction disturbance
  • visual perceptual disturbance
  • visual spatial problems
  • environmental orientation problem
  • object recognition
  • face recognition
19
Q

Constructual apraxia

A

Copying
Block assembly
Clock drawing

20
Q

Visual perceptual and Alzheimer’s

A

Figure ground confusion
Visual closure
Visual completion

21
Q

Spatial agnosia and alzhmeirs

A

Balint’s syndrome

22
Q

Balint’s syndrome

A
  • oculomotor apraxia-cant look into the peripheral field
  • optic ataxi-visually guided movements
  • simultagnosia-cannot perceive two objects at once
23
Q

Visual agnosia

A
  • Inability to name objects by sight
  • Apperceptive- more severe
  • associative-can make a connection by other modality
24
Q

Environmental orientation and alzheimers

A

Loses way
Wandering behavior
Inability to read map

25
Q

Prosopagnosia and alzheimers

A
  • I abiltiy to recognize faces
  • mirror sign
  • capgras syndrome
26
Q

Eye movement abnormalities and alzheimers

A
  • saccadic pursuits
  • increased saccadic latency
  • hypometric saccades
  • fixation instability
  • anticipatory saccades
27
Q

Basic vision functions and alzheimers

A
  • contrast sensitivity (mixed research)
  • field loss (mixed research)
  • flash VEP (increased latency, reduced mag)
  • reduced stereo (mixed research)
  • magnocellular pathway (preponderance of evidence suggest problem here)
  • none are reliably able to distinguish normal vs mild cognitive impairment vs Alzheimer’s disease
28
Q

OD role and alzheimers

A
  • screen for dementia
  • understand visual symptoms
  • counsel family
29
Q

Screening for dementia

A
  • folstein mini mental state exam
  • short blessed
  • Mattis
30
Q

Reasons for hope in Alzheimer’s disease

A
  • 12/15 lipoxygenase
  • pluripotent stem cells to generate neurons
  • bexarotene
  • transcranial stimulation
  • epothilone D
  • bapineuzumab-failed phase 3
  • aducanumab-in phase 3, done in 20/20
31
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A
  • depletion of dopamine at the basal ganglia
  • increase after age 60, 1.5mill older adults have it
  • tremor at rest
  • cogwheel rigidity
  • akinesia
  • bradykinesia
  • gait impairment
  • stooped posture
32
Q

Signs of Parkinson’s

A 
Loss of motivation
Depression
Tip of the tongue thought
Perseveration 
Sleep disturbance
Lewy body dementia
33
Q

Parkinson’s from the result of too many blows to the head

A

Parkinson’s pugilistica

34
Q

Other problems with Parkinson’s

A
  • seborrheic dermatitis
  • orthostatic hypotension
  • drooling
  • constipation
  • UTI
35
Q

Parkinson’s eye signs

A
  • blepharospasm
  • decreased blink rate
  • cogwheel saccades
  • saccadic pursuits
  • gaze palsy
  • convergence paresis
  • oculogyric crisis
  • blepharitis
36
Q

Parietal-occipital syndromes of Parkinson’s

A
  • constructional apraxia
  • visual agnosia
  • hemispatial neglect
  • achromatopsia (rare)
  • reduced stereo (rare)
37
Q

Visual spatial neglect

A
  • right hemisphere
  • 50% in acute CVA involving visual pathway
  • 1-25% persist
  • poor rehab prognosis
38
Q

Eye movement abnormalities and Parkinson’s

A

Gaze palsy=frontal lobe
Saccadic pursuits
Pursuit abnormalities

39
Q

Neglect vs field

A
  • most common in right brain damage
  • VF occur with or without neglect
  • severe or subtle

Testing

  • line bisection
  • line cancellation
  • letter/star cancellation
40
Q

Rehab for Parkinson’s

A
  • hemispatial patching
  • visual scanning
  • biofeedback
  • repetitive therapy
41
Q

Depression

A
  • 6-9% major depression
  • 15% persistent depression
  • 1/3 of older adults have depressive symptoms
  • more common among institutionalized population than general ambulatory population
  • suicide rate highest among older white males
42
Q

Symptoms of depression

A

Depressed mood with 3 of

  • weight loss or gain
  • insomnia
  • psychomotor retardation
  • feeling of worthlessness
  • difficulty concentrating
  • suicidal ideation
43
Q

Visual effects of depression

A
  • functional overlay common
  • unexplained vision loss
  • nondescriptive facial pain
44
Q

OD role in depression

A
  • screen for it: geriatric depression scale-clinical in older adults, NIMH screener, CES-D used in studies
  • recognize “visual” from depression
  • Bite the Bullet, make the referral
  • if have concurrent functional vision loss, can use that to normalize need for psychologist/psychiatrist

3F: Low Vision Final (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions