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3F: Low Vision Final > Age Related Systemic Changes (with Some Diseases) > Flashcards

Age Related Systemic Changes (with Some Diseases) Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis changes in elderly

A
  • impaired baroreceptor reflex
  • increased basal NE
  • decreased receptor responsiveness
  • decrease in C-AMP response
  • decrease in thermoregulation
  • decrease in thirst response
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2
Q

Skin changes and increased age

A
  • decrease in skin thickness
  • solar lentigo
  • loss of elasticity
  • keratinosis
  • decrease in eccrine glands output
  • decrease in sebaceous glands
  • decrease in moisture content
  • nail changes (onychomycosis)-yellow, brittle nails
  • prolonged wound healing
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3
Q

Musculoskeletal changes in elderly

A
  • OA
  • RA
  • Gout
  • Osteoporosis
  • decrease in muscle weight to body weight
  • decrease in muscle fibers-especially type II
  • enzyme systems (ATP/LDH) decrease
  • cartilage loss
  • bone loss
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4
Q

Nervous system and elderly

A
  • loss of brain weight
  • blood flow decline
  • scattered dendritic loss
  • lipofuscin deposition
  • neurotransmitter loss
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5
Q

special senses and elderly

A
  • presbycusis
  • reduction in olfaction
  • reduction in sensitivity to pain and touch
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6
Q

Systolic blood pressure and age

A

Increases

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7
Q

Diastolic blood pressure nad age

A

Increases until 50-59 and then decreases

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8
Q

Cardiovascular disease and age

A
  • increase in peripheral resistance
  • systolic BP increase
  • left ventricular hypertrophy
  • stroke volume declines
  • max HR decline
  • decline in ventricular filling
  • greater degree of ventricular arrhythmias
  • organ specific declines in blood flow
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9
Q

Ischemic stroke

A

Thrombotic

Embolic

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10
Q

Hemorrhagic strokes

A

Subarachnoid

Intracerebral

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11
Q

Ischemic heart disease

A

MI

Angina

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12
Q

CHF

A

Among the MOST COMMON causes of hospitalizations >65

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13
Q

peripheral artery disease

A

Claudication-pain in legs

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14
Q

Phlebitis

A

Problem in veins, use steroids

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15
Q

NYHA class I: CHF

A

No symptoms and no limitations in ordinary physical activity

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16
Q

NYHA class II:CHF

A

Mild symptoms (mild shortness of breath and/or angina) and slight limitation during ordinary activity

17
Q

NYHA class III CFH

A

Marked limitation in activity due to symptoms, even during less than ordinary activity (walking short distances) comfortable at rest only

18
Q

NYHA class IV CHF

A

Severe limitations. Experiences symptoms even while at rest. Mostly bedbound patients

19
Q

BNP levels

A
  • below 100pg/mL=no heart failure
  • 100-300=heart failure present
  • > 300=mild heart failure
  • > 600=moderate heart failure
  • > 900=severe heart failure
20
Q

Respiratory system and age

A
  • cartilage calcifies
  • decreased alveolar surface area
  • loss of parenchyma elasticity
  • calcification of rib articulations
  • decrease in cilial response
  • decrease in vital capacity
  • relative respiratory alkalosis
  • decrease in oxygen consumption
  • stable oxygen saturation
21
Q

COPD

A
  • emphysema-in smokers

- chronic bronchitis-persistent cough

22
Q

Pneumonia

A

From cold weather

23
Q

Asthma

A

Comes back when older

24
Q

TB

A

Transmits more easily in nursing homes, some with multidrug resistance

25
Q

GI system and elderly

A
  • LESS CHANGES THAN ANY OTHER SYSTEM
  • 40% edentulous (lacking teeth)
  • decrease in esophageal peristalsis
  • gastric atrophy
  • 1/3 have diverticuli
  • transit speed is slower in the colon
26
Q

DI diseases in old

A
  • GERD
  • gastritis
  • ulcers
  • gallstones
  • diverticulosis
  • hiatal hernia
  • constipation
27
Q

Liver and pancreases and old age

A

-age related hepatic and pancreatic failure do not occur
0lab tests dont change with age-SGOT, SGGT, bilirubin, ALK PHOS
-drug metabolism is prolonged (BENZODIAZEPINES)

28
Q

Stage 1 renal failriue

A

Kidney damage with normal or increased GFR (>90)

29
Q

Stage 2 renal failure

A

Mild reduction in GFR (60-89)

30
Q

Stage 3 renal failure

A

Moderate reduction in GFR (30-59)

31
Q

Stage 4 renal failure

A

Severe reduction in GFR (15-29)

32
Q

Stage 5 renal failure

A

Kidney failure (GFR < 15 or dialysis)

33
Q

Renal function and age

A
  • glomeruli decrease in number
  • sclerosis in remaining glomeruli
  • renal tubules decrease
  • createnine clearance decreases 1% per year
  • decreased GFR
  • poor response to volume depletion
34
Q

Genito urinary disease

A

Incontinence
-major cause of nursing home placement
UTI
Chronic renal failure

35
Q

Hemopoietic system and age

A

Blood count stay stable
Reserve for hemopoiesis decreases
Anemia is pathology

36
Q

Anemia

A
  • anemia of chronic disease-most common in most studies
  • nutritional
  • folate
  • iron deficiency
  • b12 deficiency
  • unexplained
37
Q

Psychological changes in age

A
  • Primary (short term) memory declines
  • Secondary (long term) memory -intact
  • crystallized intelligence intact
  • working memory declines
  • attention declines
  • Speed of processing declines
  • longitudinal versus cross-sectional. Try to evaluate longitudinal studies rather than cross sectional
  • PERSONALITY STAYS STABLE

3F: Low Vision Final (8 decks)

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