Alzheimers disease

Question 1

what happens when the number of cholinergic neurons is decreased in the brain?

Answer 1

causes AD because there are no neurotransmitters (acetylcholine) sending signals through the synapse.

Question 2

types of dementia

Answer 2

AVHAFCL
- AD (plaques and tangles)
- Vascular dementia (decrease circulation to brain)
- HIV/AID dementia (adv HIV and AIDS)
- Alcohol related dementia (deficient in vitamin B1)
- Front temporal lobar degeneration
- Creutzfeldt-jacob dementia (presence of prion particles)
- Lewy bodies dementia (protein aggregates affecting brain cells)

Question 3

area of brain affect by AD

Answer 3

CBH
Cerebral cortex - thought, language and reasoning
Basal forebrain - personality, movement and judgement
Hippocampus - learning, memory

Question 4

symptoms of moderate AD?

Answer 4

WDI
- worse memory loss
- depression and confusion
- increased relance on family members for decisions

Question 5

symptoms of late AD?

Answer 5

• loss of long term memory
• unaware of time and place
• doesn’t know family
• unlearn basic motor skills (teeth brushing and hair brushing)
• death 5-15 years of diagnosis

Question 6

symptoms of early AD?

Answer 6

MHP
- memory loss of recent events
- hard learning new info
- personality change

Question 7

How do you know if the diagnosis is correct?

Answer 7

after death when there is a brain tissue examination.

Question 8

diagnosis of AD

Answer 8

there are no single test to find out if you have AD.

But they would:
- detailed medical history
- physical and neurological examination
- intellectual test
- psychiatric assessment
- neuropsychological test
- multiple types of scans PET, MRI and CT

Question 9

what is the treatment of AD

Answer 9

There is no cure, they just manage the treatment:
- cholinergic (produces acetylcholine) drugs could be used for improving cognitive function in moderate or early AD.
- drugs for depression or deep deprivation
- community support

Question 10

What is a acetylcholine?

Answer 10

it is a type of neurotransmitter, that helps with memory and muscle contraction.

Question 11

what is amyloid plaque function?

Answer 11

extracellular, made up beta amyloid peptide (40 or 42aa), originates from the amyloid precursor protein (695 n 770aa) located on the chromosome 21. 42aa is a harmful peptide

Question 12

what is the neurofibrillary tangles as hallacks of AD?

Answer 12

intracellular, cluster of protein inside the neuron, tau proteins (stabilize microtubules)

Question 13

what are the effect of cholestral in AD?

Answer 13

having high cholesteral can increase the changes of having some type of dementia.

Question 14

What are the effects of ApoE4 in AD?

Answer 14

ApoE4 is a genetic risk factor, that interacts with beta amyloid (toxic 42) and causes an increase in the development of plaques.

Question 15

what are the financial effects of AD?

Answer 15

$1 in every $40 from the Australian health system is spent on AD.
The cost to the economy is at millions per year are spent on AD.

Question 16

What percentage of change in AD in cause of death from 2000 to 2019?

Answer 16

increased by 145.2%

Question 17

what do caregivers support with for AD patients?

Answer 17

feeding, dealing with incontinence, bathing showering and getting to and from toilet .

Question 18

how does the abeta plaque process occur?

Answer 18

The APP with the beta secretase followed by the gema secretase cutting of the peptide cause a harmful beta amyloid peptide 42aa. Alot is developed and cause the sticking of the plaques together.

The alpha secretase is harmless.

Question 19

how does the neurofibrilliary tangle process occur?

Answer 19

• when the tau protein increase causing the change of microtubules structure which causes the tau to accumulate which ruins the shape of the microtubules causing the tangles.
• neurotoxcity induces cleavage of p35 to p25 to caplain.

Question 20

what genetic mutations contribute to AD?

Answer 20

• being female
• if you have down syndrom as you have 3 chromosomes of 21 which increases the chance of developing AD.

Question 21

what is dementia?

Answer 21

progressive decline in cognitive function.
due to damage in the brain tissue and it is faster than normal

Question 22

manifestation of dementia?

Answer 22

MMD
memory loss
mood swings
deficit in language

Question 23

cause of AD

Answer 23

neural loss together with amyloid plaque and neurofibrillary tangles.

Question 24

2. types of AD

Answer 24

Familial (early)- one other family person with the disease.
Sporadic (late)- no one else with the diseases

Question 25

pharmocology of AD includes 2 factors and their role

Answer 25

AN
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors - decrease destruction of acetylcholine.
NMDA antagonists - decrease overstimulation of glutamate
- their role is to increase acetylchloline levels

Question 26

why do people with down syndrome have AD sooner?

Answer 26

because they have x3 chrom 21 which increases gene for bAPP cause early onset AD.

Question 27

what the main component of the tangle?

Answer 27

hyperphosphoralted tau

Question 28

activation of the protein kinase cdk5 causes

Answer 28

tau phosphorylation and neural apoptosis.