Alzheimer's

Question 1

Cholinergic hypothesis: reduced synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

Answer 1

Francis et al. 1999

Question 2

Amyloid hypothesis: extracellular amyloid beta builds up - deposits cause the disease

Answer 2

Hardy and Higgins 1992

Question 3

Amyloid beta associated with chromosome 21 - trisomy 21, by 40 years of age they have AD

Answer 3

Lott and Head 2005

Question 4

Updated amyloid: N-APP triggers self-destruct pathway by binding to DR6 (more numerous in those with AD)

Answer 4

Nikolaev et al. 2009

Question 5

Tau hypothesis: tau protein abnormalities begin the cascade, forming neurofibrillary tangles leading to the shutting down of the cell’s transport system

Answer 5

Macioni et al. 2010

Question 6

Biggest problem with AD is diagnosis, 50% not diagnosed

Answer 6

Theis et al. 2011

Question 7

After diagnosis patients live for a further 4-8 years

Answer 7

Brookmeyer et al. 2002

Question 8

More engagement in intellectual activities, less risk - cognitive reserve

Answer 8

Stern 2006

Question 9

Healthy Japanese or Mediterranean diet have less risk of AD

Answer 9

Hu et al. 2013

Question 10

Cardiovascular risk factors associated with higher risk

Answer 10

Patterson et al. 2008

Question 11

Progressive change in memory, impaired episodic memory, isolated or associated with other cognitive changes

Answer 11

Dubois et al. 2007